Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Kanyakumari District and Its Problems in A Digital Era
Authors: Dr. R. Dharmaragini, Dr. S. Lakshmi
Abstract: woman entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging roles to meet her personal needs and become frugally independent. A strong desire to do something positive is a hallmark of an entrepreneurial woman who is capable of contributing value in both her family and social life. Many women start a business due to some shocking event, such as divorce, discrimination, or the ill health of a family member. But a new talent pool of women entrepreneurs is forming today, as more women opt to leave the corporate sector to chart their own destinies.
A Comprehensive Assessment Of Millet Cultivation In Chhattisgarh: Present Scenario, Trends, And Future Opportunities
Authors: Gulshan Goyal, Dr. Preeti Kansara
Abstract: Millets, as climate-resilient and nutritionally dense dryland crops, have emerged as a significant agricultural resource in Chhattisgarh’s transforming farming landscape. The study presents an in-depth review of millet cultivation in Chhattisgarh, paying attention to current status, production habits, and emerging future potential. Millets such as Kodo, kutki, and finger millet play a vital part in the state’s rainfed farming systems due to their tolerance to drought, minimal input requirements, and high nutritional value. Recent government initiatives, including the Millet Mission, have contributed to expanded cultivation, improved productivity, and increased farmer participation. Analysis of area, yield patterns, and market linkages indicates a positive shift toward millet-based agriculture. The report also outlines future potential such as value addition, processing, and increased supply-chain integration. Overall, the evaluation emphasizes millets as a viable strategy to improve Chhattisgarh’s climate- resilient agriculture, farmer income, and food security.
Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Credit Risk Management Practices In Commercial Banks: A Comparative Study
Authors: Sweety Ratnakar Dhole, Dr. Ujwala Narkhede
Abstract: Credit risk remains one of the most significant risks faced by commercial banks and plays a critical role in determining their financial stability and performance. This study evaluates the effectiveness of credit risk management practices in commercial banks through a comparative analysis of selected institutions. The research examines key components of credit risk management, including credit appraisal procedures, risk identification and measurement techniques, credit monitoring systems, and loan recovery mechanisms. Both quantitative and qualitative data are utilized, drawing from financial statements, regulatory reports, and structured interviews with bank officials. Financial indicators such as non-performing loan ratios, capital adequacy, and profitability measures are analyzed to assess the relationship between credit risk management practices and bank performance. The findings reveal notable differences in the effectiveness of credit risk management across banks, largely influenced by the strength of internal controls, adherence to regulatory guidelines, and the adoption of advanced risk assessment tools. The study concludes that robust and proactive credit risk management practices significantly enhance asset quality and financial performance. The results provide valuable insights for bank management, regulators, and policymakers in strengthening credit risk frameworks to ensure sustainable banking operations.
An Analytical Study Of Human Resource Development Practices For Risk-Centric Auditing In Private Banks Of Nagpur
Authors: Mr. Fazle Mobin Siddiqui
Abstract: In the contemporary banking environment, increasing regulatory pressures, technological advancements, and emerging financial risks have significantly transformed the role of internal auditing. Risk-centric auditing has emerged as a proactive approach that focuses on identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks that may hinder organizational objectives. In this context, Human Resource Development (HRD) plays a crucial role in equipping audit professionals with the necessary skills, competencies, and risk awareness. This article analytically examines the Human Resource Development practices adopted by private banks in Nagpur to support risk-centric auditing. The study highlights the importance of training, skill development, performance appraisal, and continuous learning in enhancing the effectiveness of risk-based internal audit functions. The findings emphasize that structured HRD initiatives contribute significantly to strengthening audit quality, governance, and risk management in private sector banks.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18265449
Cultural Heritage And Authenticity In Tourism
Authors: Nimisha sharma, Vikas singh Rana
Abstract: This paper critically investigates the multifaceted relationship between cultural heritage and authenticity within the tourism domain. As destinations increasingly commodify historical and cultural resources for tourism development, authenticity has become a central yet highly contested analytical concept. The study engages with prominent theoretical frameworks on authenticity, examines the transformative effects of tourism practices on cultural heritage, and evaluates the implications of authenticity for visitor experiences and host communities. Employing a qualitative research design that integrates systematic literature analysis with selected case studies, the research identifies key challenges and strategic opportunities in the sustainable management of heritage tourism. The findings underscore that tourism can contribute to the reinforcement of cultural identity and heritage conservation when authenticity is conceptualized as a dynamic, negotiated, and socially constructed phenomenon rather than an immutable attribute. The paper concludes by outlining policy and managerial implications and suggesting avenues for future scholarly inquiry.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18278769
Cross-Functional Application Of Novel Causal Manifold Schrodinger Bridge In Electricity Market Negative Pricing Optimization
Authors: Uma Perumal, Vasantharajan Renganathan
Abstract: Existing methods like Bayesian, Hamilton-Jacobi and Gaussian process are with limitations. A novel method with modifications of treating uncertainty propagation through time as a stochastic optimal transport problem on evolving manifolds, where the manifold structure itself is learned causally is developed named Novel Causal Manifold Schrodinger Bridge (NCMSB). This method is synonymous with fluid mechanics and uses modified Schrodinger Bridge and Riemannian Manifolds. This is applied as a cross-function to electricity market to deal the problem of negative pricing (NP) arising due to renewable energy integration to the grid. NCMSB is used to mitigate the losses faced by electricity operators (EO) due to power generating equipment shut-down and prepare the EO to plan accordingly for an unexpected situation, reduce loss and run the electricity system with lesser stress that improves the life and loading-unloading cycle of the equipment.
Awareness Without Commitment: Cryptocurrency Investment Patterns Among Higher Education Investors in Shimla
Authors: Mrs.Anita Verma
Abstract: Cryptocurrency is transforming the way individuals perceive money, savings, and investment decisions across the world. In recent years, India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing markets for cryptocurrency adoption, particularly among young and educated investors. Reports such as the Chainalysis Global Crypto Adoption Index (2023) and observations by the Reserve Bank of India (2023) highlight a steady rise in cryptocurrency participation, reflecting growing curiosity, technological awareness, and expectations of higher returns. Despite this expansion, cryptocurrency investment in India continues to face challenges in the form of regulatory uncertainty, high volatility, security risks, and limited financial literacy. The present study examines the investment behavior, awareness, and perceptions towards cryptocurrency among investors associated with higher education institutions in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Using primary data collected from 140 respondents through a structured questionnaire, the study analyses demographic characteristics, income and investment patterns, risk tolerance, portfolio composition, and specific attitudes towards cryptocurrency. Descriptive statistical tools, supported by tables and charts, are used for analysis. The findings reveal that although awareness about cryptocurrency is relatively high among educated investors, actual participation remains limited. Most respondents prefer traditional investment avenues such as mutual funds and equity markets, allocating only a small portion of their income to cryptocurrency. High perceived risk, lack of regulatory clarity, and security concerns act as major deterrents. The study concludes that cryptocurrency is currently viewed as a supplementary or speculative investment rather than a core financial asset. The paper offers region-specific insights and contributes to the growing literature on cryptocurrency investment behaviour in India.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18296407
Economic Incentives And Managerial Decision-Making In Sustainable Business Models-Through Rural Development Related Projects
Authors: Dr. Rajesh Kumar Raju, Dr. Akanksha, Nishi Kant Niraj
Abstract: The proliferation of global environmental and social challenges has driven organizations to transition toward Sustainable Business Models (SBMs), which demand the simultaneous creation of economic, social, and environmental value—often referred to as the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). This transition presents a critical managerial challenge: reconciling short-term financial performance targets with long-term sustainability imperatives. This abstract explores the pivotal role of economic incentives, both external (market-based mechanisms) and internal (organizational compensation), in shaping managerial decision-making within SBMs. External incentives, such as carbon taxes, cap-and-trade systems, and government subsidies, function by correcting market failures and internalizing environmental externalities, thereby making sustainable practices financially advantageous and unsustainable practices costly. This external pressure directly alters the cost-benefit analysis employed by managers, encouraging investment in clean technologies and resource efficiency. Internally, the research highlights how performance-based pay and non-monetary rewards must be carefully redesigned to align executive and employee behavior with TBL metrics. By linking compensation to measurable sustainability outcomes (e.g., waste reduction, social impact, energy efficiency), organizations mitigate agency conflicts and foster a strategic culture of behavioral consistency. Ultimately, this analysis concludes that economic incentives are essential catalysts, serving as the link between abstract sustainability goals and concrete operational choices. Effective incentive design is critical for managers to successfully navigate competing institutional logics and leverage sustainability not as a cost burden, but as a source of long-term competitive advantage and innovation.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18297481
“Integrating Ethical and Spiritual Leadership into Management Education: A Framework for Developing Purpose-Driven Business Leaders”
Authors: Dr. Akanksha, Dr. Rajesh Kumar Raju, Pankaj Kumar Singh
Abstract: Contemporary business challenges have underscored the need for purpose-driven leaders who not only follow rules but also find meaning in their work. Ethical leadership – the modeling of honesty, fairness, and accountability – provides a structure for “doing the right thing,” while spiritual leadership – emphasizing personal purpose, calling, and altruistic love – adds the motivation of “why it matters.” This paper proposes an integrated framework for embedding both dimensions in management education. Drawing on transformational and social learning theories, we argue that leaders learn values through role models who both exemplify integrity and inspire a shared vision. Experiential and reflective pedagogies (e.g. service projects, mindfulness practice, values dialogues) can then make these lessons personally salient. We review current practices and case examples (e.g., NYU Stern’s Mindfulness in Business program[1]) and identify common barriers – notably faculty discomfort with “spiritual” content and crowded curricula[2][3]. Finally, we outline future research paths, especially longitudinal studies tracking graduates’ long-term impact and cross-cultural comparisons of how values education plays out in different contexts[4][5]. By integrating ethics and spirituality, educators can cultivate graduates who not only do things right, but also do the right things for meaningful reasons.
Cultural Renaissance and the Rise of Heritage-Based Luxury in Thailand’s Hospitality Sector
Authors: Dr. Aphisavadh Sirivadhanawaravachara
Abstract: This article looks at how Thailand’s hospitality area is using its heritage to create fancy experiences. This trend is taking off because people traveling all over are now valuing real, cultural, and meaningful experiences, along with Thailand trying to bring back its culture after the pandemic. Thailand’s history, practices, and beliefs are now setting it apart in the high-end travel world. By studying hotels like The Siam and Mandarin Oriental Bangkok, we can see how Thai culture combines with modern luxury. The article also talks about how Thailand’s focus on its own culture, what customers want, and being sustainable affect this market. It suggests ways to keep heritage alive, get visitors involved, and stay relevant to Thai society. This article shows that Thailand is leading a world cultural rebirth, changing what luxury means today by focusing on its heritage.
Impact Of GST On Import And Export
Authors: Mohd Sohrab Shaikh
Abstract: All the necessary steps are being taken for the effective implementation of much-awaited Goods and Services Tax (GST) from April 2017 in India. GST will eradicate 17 indirect taxes and as a result the Indian economy will get a major push as many economists have predicted a 2 – 2.5 per cent boost for the country’s GDP. Apart from manufacturing sector, logistics, warehousing and even the common man will benefit from the amendment. GST will be beneficial to the Centre, states, industrialists, manufacturers, the common man and the country at large since it will bring more transparency, better compliance, an increase in GDP growth and revenue collections. The research concludes with suggestions, including simplifying compliance, enhancing support for small businesses, and fostering digital literacy. As GST continues to evolve, a strategic and adaptive approach, coupled with stakeholder collaboration and education, is deemed essential for navigating the intricate dynamics of import and export trade within the GST regime.
From Digital Natives to AI Natives: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of E-Commerce Decision-Making among Generation Z and Generation Alpha
Authors: Dr.K. Srikanth, Dr M. Raghava Reddy, Dr T Siva Ratna Sai, Mr GLN Sravan Kumar
Abstract: The digital trade history has seen a paradigm shift once Generation Alpha, a group of people who were born wholly in the 21 st century, replaces the digitally savvy Generation Z. This paper examines the cross cultural online shopping pattern between these two groups in order to establish the dissimilarity in the psychology of consumers. The main aim is to find out how social proof, interface design and cultural brand affinity influence the buying decisions. Through a quantitative research method and a sample of N=100, research data were gathered through structured questionnaires on cross-cultural variances in decision making. The paper employs independent sample t-tests to determine the statistical significance of the difference among the groups. Findings have shown statistically significant difference (p<0.05p < 0.05p<0.05) in terms of the impact of algorithmic personalization, with the Generation Alpha exhibiting greater dependency than the Generation Z. Nevertheless, unlike the conventional cultural paradigm, the two groups exhibited homogenized global versus local brand preferences indicating a convergence of the digital culture. This research is a valuable contribution to every marketer seeking to customize the strategies to meet the demands of the upcoming economic drivers.
Measuring Customer Satisfaction In E-Commerce: A Comparative Study Across Platforms
Authors: Kailas Vanvas Singade, Dr. Nitin Ganorkar
Abstract: Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods, services etc. from a seller interactively in real-time without an intermediary service over the internet. Online shopping is the process of buying goods and services from merchants who sell on the internet. It was a cross sectional descriptive study done in among the population who have done at least once online shopping in any online store. The major objective was to study about factors associated with customer satisfaction towards online shopping inside along with to find out level of satisfaction. In age group the majority of the respondents were from age group 18–24, in gender male was of 69% of total respondent, for level of education bachelor level respondent were at majority. Hindu (53.5%) were major and respondent from nuclear family were more (56%). The factors like education level, occupation, monthly income, religion and type of family were found statistically significant with online shopping.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18309571
A Study an Artificial Intelligence and Women Entrepreneurs in Karnataka
Authors: Dr Nagesha
Abstract: Although AI would ease the operations, make it better in customer interface, and make scalable growth easier for women entrepreneurs in Karnataka, there are several deterring factors against its adoption. Self-learning capabilities and AI-driven data for marketing forecasts and wider customer reach through digital platforms would assist women businesses; however, the following deterrents are at work: high usage costs, limited access to resources and technical know-how, and ingrained gender biases. There is a need to bridge this gap with gender-responsive policies and services. Business ecosystem enablers include programs like Elevate 2024 and the Women Entrepreneur Cell under the Startup Karnataka program. Socio-cultural and socio-economic contexts must be known for AI-based interventions, especially in food processing, handicrafts, and textiles. The Diffusion of Innovations Theory and TAM theories explain the factors influencing the acceptance and adoption of AI by women entrepreneurs. The key strategies would include peer networking, enhancement of digital literacy skills, strengthening public-private partnership for financial support, and mentorship from experienced technology adopters. There is a need to do participatory action research and longitudinal studies in order to analyze the socioeconomic effects of AI on women-owned businesses in Karnataka. With this, overcoming these barriers would empower women entrepreneurs to utilize AI skilfully towards achieving growth and contribute toward an economy that becomes more balanced and sustainable by way of gender equality and enhanced economic empowerment in Karnataka’s entrepreneurial landscape.
Impact of Fintech Innovations on Financial Inclusion in India: the Case of Upi and Digital Lending
Authors: Chinmayi G K, Sainath Shet,, Shivarudra Kurubar, Dr. Abhijit Chakraborty
Abstract: This study examines the interplay of financial literacy and digital financial services, especially UPI-based digital payments and digital lending platforms, on financial inclusion in India. Drawing on an exclusively secondary research methodology, this paper synthesizes insights from related peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, surveys by RBI and NPCI, and research papers from credible academic sources. The literature demonstrates that digital financial tools have reduced several barriers to banking access by providing low-cost, user- friendly, and real-time transactions. UPI has emerged as a game-changing platform that has enabled seamless payments, enhanced transparency, and empowered first-time users, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. The findings also reveal that while digital platforms expand access, financial literacy gaps limit effective use. Most users, especially those from vulnerable groups, still rely on informal guidance and are uninformed on security practices. The secondary evidence also reveals an uptick in a number of concerns in the area of digital lending, including high interest rates, lack of transparency, aggressive recovery practices, and risk of over-indebtedness among low- income borrowers. By presenting case-based evidence from the articles reviewed, this study concludes that only responsible lending frameworks, user education, strong regulatory oversight of digital finance operators, and secure technological infrastructure can accelerate financial inclusion. Generally, the research shows that efforts toward bridging the digital divide will require sustained activities not only in technological innovation but also in digital education, consumer protection, and policy reform to realize equitable and safe financial participation for all.
Green Bonds As A Tool For Financing Sustainability: A Comparative Study Of India And Global Markets
Authors: Deeksha N N, K Sunayana Bhat, Dr. Abhijit Chakraborty, Manoj M
Abstract: Green bonds are becoming an important way to raise money for projects that protect the environment and support clean energy. The aim of this study is to understand how green bonds help in financing sustainable projects and to compare India’s progress with major global markets like the US, Europe, and China. To achieve this, secondary data has been used from SEBI, RBI, government reports, and international financial sources. The findings show that global markets are more advanced, with strong rules, high investor trust, and large investment flows into green projects. India is growing quickly in this area, especially in renewable energy, but still needs clearer policies, stronger monitoring systems, better incentives, and more investor awareness to match global standards. The study suggests that if India focuses on transparency, offers financial benefits, and strengthens certification standards, it can attract more investors and speed up the growth of sustainable projects. This will help India support environmental protection and achieve long-term climate goals more effectively.
FUZZY-Aushadhi-Sanchar: Big Data-Driven Sentiment Analysis For Ayurvedic Treatment
Authors: Neh Sharma
Abstract: Millions of users share experiences and opinions across social media platforms, review portals, and online health communities, forming a rich but complex digital footprint. These expressions often reflect overlapping emotions—trust, curiosity, hesitation, and belief—rather than clear-cut judgments. As a result, big-data sentiment analysis, supported by fuzzy and uncertainty-aware models, offers a more realistic way to interpret public attitudes than rigid positive–negative classification. Drawing on studies published between 2020 and 2025, the analysis integrates insights from multilingual transformer-based sentiment models, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) perception research, and the expanding digital health ecosystem. The proposed workflow includes data collection, linguistic preprocessing, fuzzy aspect-level sentiment detection, geotagging, temporal comparison, and topic modelling, allowing sentiment to be represented as a continuum rather than a binary outcome. Across the reviewed studies, Indian users generally express strong and confident positive sentiment toward Ayurveda, shaped by cultural familiarity and routine use. In contrast, global users tend to display graded responses that combine interest with caution, particularly around scientific validation, safety, and standardisation. The paper concludes by outlining policy and communication implications for health and wellness stakeholders, and by identifying future research directions such as multimodal analytics, fuzzy-interpretable models, and real-time sentiment dashboards. Together, these approaches support a more culturally sensitive, evidence-aligned, and uncertainty-aware understanding of Ayurveda’s evolving global presence.
A Study On Green Bonds In India: Opportunities And Challenges
Authors: Ms G. Rajitha, Dr. Thokala Vijayakumar
Abstract: Green Bonds have emerged as a crucial tool in mobilizing capital for environmentally sustainable projects. In India, the green bond market has witnessed consistent growth since its inception in 2015, bolstered by increasing awareness of climate change and proactive government support. While numerous studies have examined the Indian green bond market up to 2023 and a few extended their analysis to August 2024-no comprehensive research has yet incorporated full year 2024 data. As a result, recent developments- such as the municipal green bond issuances by Ahmadabad and Vadodara in early 2024, and the sectoral distribution patterns of sovereign green bonds – remain largely unexamined. This study addresses this significant gap by examining secondary data from 2015 to the end of 2024, offering one of the first comprehensive, data driven investigations into the latest patterns, opportunities and challenges in India’s green bond landscape. Specifically, it reviews issuance volumes along with year- on- year growth trends, assesses policy initiatives and explores sectoral shifts. This paper concludes with policy recommendations to enhance the green bond ecosystem in India.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18413648
Financial literacy and Women’s empowerment in rural India: Empirical evidence from Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Joga Harikrishna, Bhabya Singh
Abstract: Financial literacy has emerged as a crucial determinant of women’s empowerment, particularly in rural economies where access to formal financial systems, education, and economic opportunities remains constrained. In the Indian context, rural women often face multiple socio-economic barriers that limit their participation in financial decision-making and income- generating activities. This study empirically examines the role of financial literacy in promoting women’s empowerment in rural India, with special reference to the Sagar District of Madhya Pradesh. The research is based on primary data collected from 120 rural women selected from different villages of the district through a structured questionnaire and personal interviews. Financial literacy is assessed using indicators such as awareness of savings instruments, banking services, credit facilities, insurance, and digital financial tools, while women’s empowerment is measured through economic, social, and decision-making dimensions. The findings of the study reveal that rural women with higher levels of financial literacy exhibit greater economic independence, enhanced participation in household financial decisions, improved savings behavior, and increased confidence in interacting with formal financial institutions. Participation in self-help groups and access to banking services were found to significantly influence financial awareness and empowerment outcomes. The study also highlights that despite improvements in basic financial knowledge, awareness of insurance products, investments, and digital financial services remains relatively low among rural women. A positive and significant relationship between financial literacy and women’s empowerment is observed, indicating that financial knowledge acts as a catalyst for improving women’s socio-economic status. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing localized empirical evidence from an under-researched region of central India, employing rigorous quantitative methods to establish causal linkages, examining mediating mechanisms and heterogeneous effects, and offering practical recommendations grounded in ground-level realities. The research underscores that financial literacy is a necessary but not sufficient condition for women’s empowerment, and that comprehensive approaches addressing knowledge, access, agency, and structural constraints are required to achieve sustainable and transformative change in rural women’s economic and social status.
The Nexus Between Fiscal Federalism, Budgetary Allocation And National Security In Nigeria
Authors: Ishaku, Rimamtanung Nyiputen, Achinulo Ogochukwu Fafour, Nweze Maria Ukamaka
Abstract: This article examines the complex relationship between fiscal federalism, budgetary allocation, and national security in Nigeria. It argues that Nigeria’s highly centralized fiscal federalism, characterized by revenue-sharing arrangements and limited subnational fiscal autonomy, significantly affects the country’s ability to address multifaceted security challenges, including insurgency, militancy, communal violence, and criminality. Drawing from theoretical and empirical literature, the article explores how fiscal federal structures influence budgetary priorities and resource distribution across federal, state, and local governments. It highlights the implications for security provisioning, identifies gaps such as revenue volatility, misaligned incentives, and weak local capacity, and offers policy recommendations to align fiscal arrangements with Nigeria’s evolving security needs. These include reforms to revenue-sharing mechanisms, enhancement of subnational fiscal autonomy, security-sensitive budgeting, and stronger oversight and coordination frameworks. The study contributes to the discourse on governance, public finance, and security in federal systems, with practical implications for Nigeria and other resource-dependent federations.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18426637
Financial literacy and Women’s empowerment in rural India: Empirical evidence from Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Joga Harikrishna, Bhabya Singh
Abstract: Financial literacy has emerged as a crucial determinant of women’s empowerment, particularly in rural economies where access to formal financial systems, education, and economic opportunities remains constrained. In the Indian context, rural women often face multiple socio-economic barriers that limit their participation in financial decision-making and income- generating activities. This study empirically examines the role of financial literacy in promoting women’s empowerment in rural India, with special reference to the Sagar District of Madhya Pradesh. The research is based on primary data collected from 120 rural women selected from different villages of the district through a structured questionnaire and personal interviews. Financial literacy is assessed using indicators such as awareness of savings instruments, banking services, credit facilities, insurance, and digital financial tools, while women’s empowerment is measured through economic, social, and decision-making dimensions. The findings of the study reveal that rural women with higher levels of financial literacy exhibit greater economic independence, enhanced participation in household financial decisions, improved savings behavior, and increased confidence in interacting with formal financial institutions. Participation in self-help groups and access to banking services were found to significantly influence financial awareness and empowerment outcomes. The study also highlights that despite improvements in basic financial knowledge, awareness of insurance products, investments, and digital financial services remains relatively low among rural women. A positive and significant relationship between financial literacy and women’s empowerment is observed, indicating that financial knowledge acts as a catalyst for improving women’s socio-economic status. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing localized empirical evidence from an under-researched region of central India, employing rigorous quantitative methods to establish causal linkages, examining mediating mechanisms and heterogeneous effects, and offering practical recommendations grounded in ground-level realities. The research underscores that financial literacy is a necessary but not sufficient condition for women’s empowerment, and that comprehensive approaches addressing knowledge, access, agency, and structural constraints are required to achieve sustainable and transformative change in rural women’s economic and social status.
Beyond The Iron Triangle In Nigeria’s ICT Sector: A Qualitative Study Of Adaptive Project Leadership And Success
Authors: Christian Osita Godson, Otabil Owusu-Ansah
Abstract: Traditional project success measures centred on time, cost and scope are increasingly inadequate in volatile and complex environments. This study examines how project management practice and project success are conceptualised and evaluated within Nigeria’s ICT sector, where rapid technological change intersects with infrastructural constraints and socio-political uncertainty. Drawing on a qualitative exploratory case study, data were generated via semi-structured interviews with fifteen senior ICT project professionals across public agencies, multinational firms, indigenous start-ups, and regulatory bodies, complemented by analysis of project artefacts including project charters, risk logs, stakeholder matrices, and post-implementation reviews. Reflexive thematic analysis reveals five interdependent dimensions shaping effective project delivery: sustained stakeholder engagement enacted as ongoing co-creation; continuous strategic and societal alignment; resilience through adaptive governance and iterative delivery practices; multidimensional success criteria incorporating legitimacy and long-term value; and contextual adaptability grounded in local cultural and institutional conditions. The study extends “beyond the iron triangle” perspectives on project success by providing empirical evidence from a Global South digital economy and reframes the project manager as an adaptive leader who integrates stakeholder governance, resilience, and contextual intelligence to support legitimate and sustainable digital innovation outcomes.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18430153
Evolution Of Direct Selling Regulations In India: An Analysis Of The 2016, 2021, And 2023 Guidelines
Authors: Seema, Jagdeep Singh, Ashish Bansal
Abstract: Direct selling is a significant component of the Indian economy, contributing to entrepreneurship and employment. However, due to concerns over fraudulent practices and pyramid schemes, the Government of India has introduced various regulations over time. This paper examines the evolution of direct selling regulations in India, focusing on the Direct Selling Guidelines of 2016, the Consumer Protection (Direct Selling) Rules of 2021, and the amendments made in 2023. By analyzing these frameworks, this study provides insights into their implications on the industry, compliance requirements, and consumer protection. The discussion section evaluates these policies in comparison to international best practices, and the conclusion provides recommendations for further improvements.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18440053
The Role of Leadership Styles in Enhancing Employee Motivation and Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Uday Pratap Singh
Abstract: This study investigates how transformational, transactional, and servant leadership styles influence employee motivation and organizational effectiveness in Indian organizations. Employee motivation significantly determines organizational success, yet limited empirical research exists examining these relationships within the Indian context. This quantitative research employed a cross-sectional survey design with 308 employees from various Indian organizations. Data were collected using standardized instruments including the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Work Motivation Scale. The hypothesis posited that transformational leadership would demonstrate stronger positive correlations with employee motivation compared to transactional and servant leadership styles. Results revealed significant positive correlations between transformational leadership and intrinsic motivation (r=0.29, p<0.01), with path analysis demonstrating that transformational leadership significantly predicts employee motivation (β=0.432, t=4.762, p<0.01). Employee motivation exhibited a strong positive relationship with organizational performance (β=0.873, t=6.872, p<0.01), confirming its mediating role. The findings indicate that organizations prioritizing transformational leadership development can substantially enhance employee motivation and organizational effectiveness through inspirational vision, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration of employees.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18440205
Analytical Evaluation Of Liquidity And Solvency Position Of Commercial Banks In India
Authors: P. Vijetha, Sk Maqbool basha
Abstract: The stability and performance of commercial banks are critical to the financial system and overall economic growth. This study aims to analytically evaluate the liquidity and solvency positions of six major Indian commercial banks, comprising three public sector banks (State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank) and three private sector banks (HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank) over the period 2016–2025. Using secondary data from annual reports, RBI publications, and financial databases, key liquidity ratios (Current Ratio, Cash to Deposit Ratio, Liquid Assets to Total Assets) and solvency ratios (Debt-to-Equity Ratio, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Interest Coverage Ratio) were computed. The study employs trend analysis, ratio analysis, comparative evaluation, and hypothesis testing (ANOVA and t-tests) to examine inter-bank differences and temporal trends. Findings indicate that private banks maintain higher liquidity and solvency ratios than public banks, with overall improvement in financial health across the decade. The results confirm statistically significant differences among banks and underscore the importance of effective liquidity and capital management for long-term financial stability. The study provides insights for policymakers and bank management to strengthen regulatory compliance and risk management strategies in the Indian banking sector.
Impact of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Purchase Intentions
Authors: Assistant Professor – Varsha Tatariya
Abstract: The increasing penetration of social media platforms has transformed how consumers interact with brands and make purchasing decisions. Social media marketing enables businesses to communicate directly with consumers through interactive, personalized, and real-time content. This research paper examines how social media marketing influences consumer purchase intentions by shaping perceptions, attitudes, and trust toward brands. The study discusses major influencing factors such as content effectiveness, influencer credibility, engagement, and brand communication. The findings indicate that social media marketing significantly affects consumer purchase intentions by increasing awareness, reducing perceived risk, and encouraging informed decision-making.
Role of Influencer Marketing in Shaping Brand Trust and Loyalty
Authors: Assistant Professor – Anjor Sawant
Abstract: Influencer marketing has emerged as a prominent digital marketing strategy in which individuals with significant online presence influence consumer perceptions and behavior. Brands increasingly collaborate with social media influencers to communicate their values, promote products, and build long-term relationships with consumers. This research paper examines the role of influencer marketing in shaping brand trust and brand loyalty. The study explores how influencer credibility, authenticity, transparency, and audience engagement contribute to consumer trust and loyalty toward brands. The findings suggest that influencer marketing plays a crucial role in strengthening brand trust, which subsequently enhances consumer loyalty and long-term brand relationships.
Administrators’ strategies for improving student retention and completion rates in National Open University of Nigeria, Uyo Centre
Authors: Ukeme Henry Udo, Ekpoafia, Constance Aniefiok
Abstract: This study examined administrators' strategies for improving student retention and completion rates in National Open University of Nigeria, Uyo Centre.The study employed a descriptive survey design with a population of 106 administrators and facilitators in National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) Uyo Learning centre. This comprised 7 administrators and 99 facilitators. The entire population was studied as census without sampling due to the manageabke size of the population. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled "Administrators' Strategies for Improving Student. Retention and Completion Rate Questionnaire” The reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha method. Reliability coefficients of 0.89, 0.77 and 0.84 were obtained. The findings of the revealed among others that revealed that administrators' adoption of flexible learning options and provision of incentives for completion improve student retention and completion rates in National Open University of Nigeria, Uyo Centre to a high extent. Based on the findings it was recommended among others that National Open University of Nigeria, Uyo Centre should continue expanding flexible learning options, including online course delivery, modular courses, and flexible schedules (e.g., weekend and evening classes). This will further accommodate the diverse needs of students, especially working adults, and help in reducong dropout rates.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18481379
A Study on The Awarness of Mutual Funds Investment in Arasikere.
Authors: Dr. Prathap B N, Mr. Mohana Kumara D
Abstract: Investment decisions are made with the objective of earning regular returns while minimizing risk. In India, investors have access to a wide range of investment channel such as insurance, shares, debentures, and mutual funds. Among these, mutual funds have emerged as an attractive investment option due to their diversification, professional management, and comparatively reduced risk. However, the level of awareness regarding mutual fund investments among retail investor remain inadequate. This study aims to examine the awareness of mutual fund investments in Arasikere,hassan (district) with reference to age, income, education, and risk-taking ability. Primary data were collected from 50 respondents through a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that although most respondents perceive mutual funds as a safe investment and exhibit moderate risk-taking behavior, awareness levels are still influenced by income, education, and informal sources such as friends and family. The study suggests that enhanced financial literacy programs and awareness initiatives can improve mutual fund participation among investors.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18492280
Thailand 5.0: Redefining Hospitality Through Sustainable Smart Tourism
Authors: Professor Dr. Aphisavadh Sirivadhanawaravachara
Abstract: Thailand is switching to an economy that relies on knowledge and innovation, called Thailand 5.0. This change is really shaking up the hospitality and tourism industry. This article looks at how Smart Tourism—which uses tech, data, and eco-friendly ideas—is changing how tourism works in Thailand. Thailand 5.0 wants the country to be a top player in sustainable smart tourism. It focuses on bouncing back after the pandemic, protecting the environment, keeping Thai culture alive, and getting locals involved. This study looks at how Smart Tourism has changed over time and how it now uses digital platforms, apps, and AI. It also talks about the problems caused by not having enough infrastructure and by people having vastly different incomes. By checking out examples like smart hotels, eco-resorts, and the Smart City Campsite project, this research gives an inside look at what Thailand is doing to make its tourism better, improve things for tourists, and make sure everyone benefits financially. By mixing tech, sustainability, and Thai culture, Thailand 5.0 is creating a tourism plan that is open to everyone, works well, and can handle tough times.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18494831
The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Promoting Sustainable And Ethical Investing
Authors: Dr. Abhijit Chakraborty, Bharath K N, Shriram, Yogeesha L C
Abstract: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into sustainable and ethical investing (ESG) is transforming financial markets, aligning them with global sustainability goals. While the exponential growth of ESG practices is challenged by the complexity and scale of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data, AI offers a powerful solution. AI technologies, including machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), significantly advance ESG integration. They process vast, unstructured datasets—like corporate disclosures, media reports, and regulatory filings—to provide a nuanced and real-time understanding of a firm's ESG performance. NLP, for example, deciphers qualitative information and identifies reputational risks that conventional methods might miss. AI helps overcome key issues such as data inconsistency and subjectivity in ESG ratings, enhancing transparency and accountability. It facilitates scenario analysis to stress-test portfolios against climate or social risks, building more resilient and ethically sound portfolios. However, challenges exist, notably algorithmic bias, data privacy, and the "black box" nature of some models. Responsible deployment requires robust governance, transparency standards, and regulatory oversight. Ultimately, AI is a key enabler for informed, principled financial decisions, maximizing sustainable development through ethical investing.
Effect Of Social Media Marketing On Indian Consumers
Authors: Pandey Harshita Anupkumar, Dr Pritama Devi
Abstract: The social media environment has turned into a major point of contact with Indian consumers through all the awareness and evaluation and purchase phases, and the brands are starting to use the platform-native content and creators to shape the demand. This paper will focus on the effects of perceived social media marketing activities (SMMAs) entertainment, interaction, trendiness, customization and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on purchase intention and loyalty intention among Indian consumers. The conceptual model combines the framework of stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) with elaboration likelihood model (ELM) to discuss the effects of SMMA on behavioral intentions, which are organismic states including brand trust, consumer engagement, and consumer-based brand equity. The paper methodologically gives a survey-based design that is appropriate to the Indian samples, hypotheses, proposed initiatives, and an SEM-ready analysis plan. To show an example of APA-style reporting of tables, figures, and graphs without gathering primary data in such an environment, the Results section is based on a transparent synthetic dataset (N = 420) which was created in order to mimic the survey data on Likert scale with plausible correlations between constructs. The descriptive statistics, correlations and pictorial regression models reveal positive relationships between SMMA and purchase and loyalty intentions, and the indirect relationships of the variables through trust and engagement are stronger. The managerial implications illustrate the significance of credibility and interaction, control of influencer behavior and eWOM, and risk-reduction cues that can be used in transforming engagement to purchase. The main contribution of the paper is the fully developed template of the research which is India relevant and can be used with a real survey data with direct replication to get a publishable empirical research.
Changing Dynamics Of Family Structure In India
Authors: Dr.N.Selvakumar, Dr.R.S.Mohan Prakash
Abstract: The family structure in India has undergone considerable transformation over time as a result of social, economic, and cultural changes. The traditional joint family system is gradually being replaced by nuclear and smaller family units. Factors such as urbanization, globalization, increased education, women’s participation in the workforce, and technological development have contributed to this shift. While these changes have enhanced individual freedom, women empowerment, and economic independence, they have also led to challenges such as weakening family bonds, increased marital conflicts, childcare issues, and inadequate care for the elderly. This study aims to analyze the changing dynamics of family structure in India, examine the factors responsible for these changes, review existing literature, and suggest measures to strengthen family relationships in a rapidly changing society.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18545033
Monetary Policy, Inflation and Economic Growth in Nigeria
Authors: Ezeh Ifunanya Helen, Dr. Tochukwu Okafor
Abstract: Inflation has been regulated over the years by Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) via monetary instruments like the monetary policy rate (MPR). Nigeria’s inflation in the last couple of years however, has been sporadically increasing beyond the monetary authority’s control. Nigeria’s inflation rate accelerated to 27.33% in November 2023 from its previous figure of 22.41% as at May, 2023. Data culled from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) showed that the country’s GDP growth rate slowed from 3.11% to 2.31% in May, 2023. The monetary policy committee (MPC) in an attempt to fight inflation has hiked the MPR 7 consecutive times from 11.5% to 18.75% in 2023. Despite all the rate hikes inflation has continued its continuous rise and has been gradually eating into the country’s GDP, making households and families to reach poverty level because of the increase in prices of goods and services. The issue of monetary policy instability and high inflation has passed a major concern to Policy makers, Academics and also the Nigerian Economy, hence, this paper examined how monetary policy and inflation could influence Nigerian economic growth. Variables utilized for the study included; monetary policy rate, exchange rate, money supply and Inflation; which were examined against economic growth represented as gross domestic product (GDP). Secondary annual data from 1981 till 2022 and sources from the CBN statistical bulletin were utilized in the study. The sources data were analyzed using the multiple regression technique. Findings showed that monetary policy and inflation rate had negative impact on economic growth for the period under review. However, money supply and exchange rate had positive impacts on Nigeria’s economic growth. The Granger Causality test shows that both monetary policy, inflation do not granger cause GDP in Nigeria. The findings thus recommend that government should reduce food inflation and insecurity and also foster infant industry to start production in local industries so that they can begin to increase export and reduce import and proffer solutions to set Open Market Operations rate close to Monetary policy rate so that it can capture economic realities with regards to inflation.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18545565
Indian Consumer Trends In The Post-COVID Economy: Evidence, Mechanisms, And Managerial Implications
Authors: Minora Amber Kinny, Pritama Devi
Abstract: The post-COVID India has experienced a redefined consumer economy where a faster digitization process, disparate income bouncing back and changing expectations of convenience, reliability, and trust have driven the transformation of consumer needs. The paper is a synthesis of the evolving preferences, channel decisions, and spending priorities of Indian consumers following the acute stage of the pandemic with no less than a time frame of 20222025. The study is a triangulation of evidence-based on official indicators, i.e., Unified Payments Interface (UPI) statistics reported in the statistical appendix of Economic Survey, and evidence-based on industry reports on FMCG, e-retail, and quick commerce as well as peer-reviewed academic research on post-pandemic consumer behavior and omnichannel retailing. It is synthesized to discover five enduring shifts. To start with, there is an increased value-seeking behavior among Indian consumers with price consciousness and sensitivity to deals without a consistent withdrawal into frugality. Second, the concept of real-time online payments has become the norm in the daily offline business, and it is not limited to urban, high-income population groups. Third, channel formats have shifted towards omnichannel formats and quick commerce on convenience categories is expanding rapidly. Fourth, the spending decisions in food, personal-care, and preventive services are still influenced by a long-term orientation towards health and well-being. Fifth, the premiumization based on aspiration runs parallel with stress in the demand of the mass-market, which highlights the different recoveries of income groups.
Consumer Decision-Making Patterns In Indian Households: A Scoping Review And Integrative Framework
Authors: Relissa Reynold Rodricks, Kamlesh Kumar
Abstract: The family roles, socialization, aspiration, perception of risk, the digital market places that are in rapid change influence the way Indian households make purchase decisions. This work summarizes the evidence regarding the consumer decision making patterns within the Indian households through a scoping review of 40 core peer-reviewed articles (20002025) in (a) household role structures and family influence, (b) consumer socialization (children/adolescents), (c) decision psychology and limited rationality, (d) adoption of technology and online shopping, and (e) sustainability-oriented consumption. This review has been informed by the well-known theories of decision making Theory of Planned Behavior, Technology Acceptance Model, and UTAUT/UTAUT2 in mapping the progression of Indian households in the need recognition to post-purchase evaluation process, and the role of various factors in influencing decision making and the question of who decides and how choices are made across product categories. The evidence shows that household choices are regularly made as a negotiated result, not individual decision: the influence dynamics depend on the product involvement, perceived risk, and decision phase; the digital channels are increasing the information search at the cost of intensifying worries of trust, safety of delivery, and safety of payment. There is also some evidence that there is rising joint decision-making of households living in cities and greater adolescent control in given categories, and sustainability decisions are limited by price sensitivity, availability, and assertion believability. The paper adds (1) India-specific decision journey model of household (2) role stage influence matrix to understand decision making in the family and (3) future research agenda that relates digital adoption, household bargaining, and after sales experiences. The implications concerning the transparency, grievance redressal, and inclusive policies on digital consumer protection are provided to the marketers, consumer educators, and policymakers.
A Comprehensive Review Of The Circular Economy: Concepts, Applications, And Future Pathways
Authors: Dr. Manoj Kumar, Dr. Suman Dhawan
Abstract: CE has become a revolutionary model of the economy that seeks to separate the economic development, resource use, and environmental destruction. Unlike the classical linear model of “take-make-Dispose”, CE focuses on absence of waste at design phase, constant utilization of resources and the renewal of natural processes. The review is a synthesis of literature that has been published on the conceptual foundations of CE, strategies of its implementation, its application in each sector, and the policy frameworks. It also determines some of the major challenges and research areas that should be addressed in the future in order to speed up the process of transitioning the world into more sustainable and more CE model. The paper explores concept of CE and how it is applied in industries, supporting technologies and policy tools, the potential opportunities and limitations to its implementation.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18584634
