Volume 4 Issue 1 Jan-Feb 2026

Performance of Women Entrepreneurs in Kanyakumari District and Its Problems in A Digital Era

Authors: Dr. R. Dharmaragini, Dr. S. Lakshmi

Abstract: woman entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging roles to meet her personal needs and become frugally independent. A strong desire to do something positive is a hallmark of an entrepreneurial woman who is capable of contributing value in both her family and social life. Many women start a business due to some shocking event, such as divorce, discrimination, or the ill health of a family member. But a new talent pool of women entrepreneurs is forming today, as more women opt to leave the corporate sector to chart their own destinies.

A Comprehensive Assessment Of Millet Cultivation In Chhattisgarh: Present Scenario, Trends, And Future Opportunities

Authors: Gulshan Goyal, Dr. Preeti Kansara

Abstract: Millets, as climate-resilient and nutritionally dense dryland crops, have emerged as a significant agricultural resource in Chhattisgarh’s transforming farming landscape. The study presents an in-depth review of millet cultivation in Chhattisgarh, paying attention to current status, production habits, and emerging future potential. Millets such as Kodo, kutki, and finger millet play a vital part in the state’s rainfed farming systems due to their tolerance to drought, minimal input requirements, and high nutritional value. Recent government initiatives, including the Millet Mission, have contributed to expanded cultivation, improved productivity, and increased farmer participation. Analysis of area, yield patterns, and market linkages indicates a positive shift toward millet-based agriculture. The report also outlines future potential such as value addition, processing, and increased supply-chain integration. Overall, the evaluation emphasizes millets as a viable strategy to improve Chhattisgarh’s climate- resilient agriculture, farmer income, and food security.

Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Credit Risk Management Practices In Commercial Banks: A Comparative Study

Authors: Sweety Ratnakar Dhole, Dr. Ujwala Narkhede

Abstract: Credit risk remains one of the most significant risks faced by commercial banks and plays a critical role in determining their financial stability and performance. This study evaluates the effectiveness of credit risk management practices in commercial banks through a comparative analysis of selected institutions. The research examines key components of credit risk management, including credit appraisal procedures, risk identification and measurement techniques, credit monitoring systems, and loan recovery mechanisms. Both quantitative and qualitative data are utilized, drawing from financial statements, regulatory reports, and structured interviews with bank officials. Financial indicators such as non-performing loan ratios, capital adequacy, and profitability measures are analyzed to assess the relationship between credit risk management practices and bank performance. The findings reveal notable differences in the effectiveness of credit risk management across banks, largely influenced by the strength of internal controls, adherence to regulatory guidelines, and the adoption of advanced risk assessment tools. The study concludes that robust and proactive credit risk management practices significantly enhance asset quality and financial performance. The results provide valuable insights for bank management, regulators, and policymakers in strengthening credit risk frameworks to ensure sustainable banking operations.

An Analytical Study Of Human Resource Development Practices For Risk-Centric Auditing In Private Banks Of Nagpur

Authors: Mr. Fazle Mobin Siddiqui

Abstract: In the contemporary banking environment, increasing regulatory pressures, technological advancements, and emerging financial risks have significantly transformed the role of internal auditing. Risk-centric auditing has emerged as a proactive approach that focuses on identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks that may hinder organizational objectives. In this context, Human Resource Development (HRD) plays a crucial role in equipping audit professionals with the necessary skills, competencies, and risk awareness. This article analytically examines the Human Resource Development practices adopted by private banks in Nagpur to support risk-centric auditing. The study highlights the importance of training, skill development, performance appraisal, and continuous learning in enhancing the effectiveness of risk-based internal audit functions. The findings emphasize that structured HRD initiatives contribute significantly to strengthening audit quality, governance, and risk management in private sector banks.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18265449

Cultural Heritage And Authenticity In Tourism

Authors: Nimisha sharma, Vikas singh Rana

Abstract: This paper critically investigates the multifaceted relationship between cultural heritage and authenticity within the tourism domain. As destinations increasingly commodify historical and cultural resources for tourism development, authenticity has become a central yet highly contested analytical concept. The study engages with prominent theoretical frameworks on authenticity, examines the transformative effects of tourism practices on cultural heritage, and evaluates the implications of authenticity for visitor experiences and host communities. Employing a qualitative research design that integrates systematic literature analysis with selected case studies, the research identifies key challenges and strategic opportunities in the sustainable management of heritage tourism. The findings underscore that tourism can contribute to the reinforcement of cultural identity and heritage conservation when authenticity is conceptualized as a dynamic, negotiated, and socially constructed phenomenon rather than an immutable attribute. The paper concludes by outlining policy and managerial implications and suggesting avenues for future scholarly inquiry.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18278769

Cross-Functional Application Of Novel Causal Manifold Schrodinger Bridge In Electricity Market Negative Pricing Optimization

Authors: Uma Perumal, Vasantharajan Renganathan

Abstract: Existing methods like Bayesian, Hamilton-Jacobi and Gaussian process are with limitations. A novel method with modifications of treating uncertainty propagation through time as a stochastic optimal transport problem on evolving manifolds, where the manifold structure itself is learned causally is developed named Novel Causal Manifold Schrodinger Bridge (NCMSB). This method is synonymous with fluid mechanics and uses modified Schrodinger Bridge and Riemannian Manifolds. This is applied as a cross-function to electricity market to deal the problem of negative pricing (NP) arising due to renewable energy integration to the grid. NCMSB is used to mitigate the losses faced by electricity operators (EO) due to power generating equipment shut-down and prepare the EO to plan accordingly for an unexpected situation, reduce loss and run the electricity system with lesser stress that improves the life and loading-unloading cycle of the equipment.

Awareness Without Commitment: Cryptocurrency Investment Patterns Among Higher Education Investors in Shimla

Authors: Mrs.Anita Verma

Abstract: Cryptocurrency is transforming the way individuals perceive money, savings, and investment decisions across the world. In recent years, India has emerged as one of the fastest-growing markets for cryptocurrency adoption, particularly among young and educated investors. Reports such as the Chainalysis Global Crypto Adoption Index (2023) and observations by the Reserve Bank of India (2023) highlight a steady rise in cryptocurrency participation, reflecting growing curiosity, technological awareness, and expectations of higher returns. Despite this expansion, cryptocurrency investment in India continues to face challenges in the form of regulatory uncertainty, high volatility, security risks, and limited financial literacy. The present study examines the investment behavior, awareness, and perceptions towards cryptocurrency among investors associated with higher education institutions in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Using primary data collected from 140 respondents through a structured questionnaire, the study analyses demographic characteristics, income and investment patterns, risk tolerance, portfolio composition, and specific attitudes towards cryptocurrency. Descriptive statistical tools, supported by tables and charts, are used for analysis. The findings reveal that although awareness about cryptocurrency is relatively high among educated investors, actual participation remains limited. Most respondents prefer traditional investment avenues such as mutual funds and equity markets, allocating only a small portion of their income to cryptocurrency. High perceived risk, lack of regulatory clarity, and security concerns act as major deterrents. The study concludes that cryptocurrency is currently viewed as a supplementary or speculative investment rather than a core financial asset. The paper offers region-specific insights and contributes to the growing literature on cryptocurrency investment behaviour in India.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18296407

Economic Incentives And Managerial Decision-Making In Sustainable Business Models-Through Rural Development Related Projects

Authors: Dr. Rajesh Kumar Raju, Dr. Akanksha, Nishi Kant Niraj

Abstract: The proliferation of global environmental and social challenges has driven organizations to transition toward Sustainable Business Models (SBMs), which demand the simultaneous creation of economic, social, and environmental value—often referred to as the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). This transition presents a critical managerial challenge: reconciling short-term financial performance targets with long-term sustainability imperatives. This abstract explores the pivotal role of economic incentives, both external (market-based mechanisms) and internal (organizational compensation), in shaping managerial decision-making within SBMs. External incentives, such as carbon taxes, cap-and-trade systems, and government subsidies, function by correcting market failures and internalizing environmental externalities, thereby making sustainable practices financially advantageous and unsustainable practices costly. This external pressure directly alters the cost-benefit analysis employed by managers, encouraging investment in clean technologies and resource efficiency. Internally, the research highlights how performance-based pay and non-monetary rewards must be carefully redesigned to align executive and employee behavior with TBL metrics. By linking compensation to measurable sustainability outcomes (e.g., waste reduction, social impact, energy efficiency), organizations mitigate agency conflicts and foster a strategic culture of behavioral consistency. Ultimately, this analysis concludes that economic incentives are essential catalysts, serving as the link between abstract sustainability goals and concrete operational choices. Effective incentive design is critical for managers to successfully navigate competing institutional logics and leverage sustainability not as a cost burden, but as a source of long-term competitive advantage and innovation.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18297481

“Integrating Ethical and Spiritual Leadership into Management Education: A Framework for Developing Purpose-Driven Business Leaders”

Authors: Dr. Akanksha, Dr. Rajesh Kumar Raju, Pankaj Kumar Singh

Abstract: Contemporary business challenges have underscored the need for purpose-driven leaders who not only follow rules but also find meaning in their work. Ethical leadership – the modeling of honesty, fairness, and accountability – provides a structure for “doing the right thing,” while spiritual leadership – emphasizing personal purpose, calling, and altruistic love – adds the motivation of “why it matters.” This paper proposes an integrated framework for embedding both dimensions in management education. Drawing on transformational and social learning theories, we argue that leaders learn values through role models who both exemplify integrity and inspire a shared vision. Experiential and reflective pedagogies (e.g. service projects, mindfulness practice, values dialogues) can then make these lessons personally salient. We review current practices and case examples (e.g., NYU Stern’s Mindfulness in Business program[1]) and identify common barriers – notably faculty discomfort with “spiritual” content and crowded curricula[2][3]. Finally, we outline future research paths, especially longitudinal studies tracking graduates’ long-term impact and cross-cultural comparisons of how values education plays out in different contexts[4][5]. By integrating ethics and spirituality, educators can cultivate graduates who not only do things right, but also do the right things for meaningful reasons.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18297616

Cultural Renaissance and the Rise of Heritage-Based Luxury in Thailand’s Hospitality Sector

Authors: Dr. Aphisavadh Sirivadhanawaravachara

Abstract: This article looks at how Thailand’s hospitality area is using its heritage to create fancy experiences. This trend is taking off because people traveling all over are now valuing real, cultural, and meaningful experiences, along with Thailand trying to bring back its culture after the pandemic. Thailand’s history, practices, and beliefs are now setting it apart in the high-end travel world. By studying hotels like The Siam and Mandarin Oriental Bangkok, we can see how Thai culture combines with modern luxury. The article also talks about how Thailand’s focus on its own culture, what customers want, and being sustainable affect this market. It suggests ways to keep heritage alive, get visitors involved, and stay relevant to Thai society. This article shows that Thailand is leading a world cultural rebirth, changing what luxury means today by focusing on its heritage.

Impact Of GST On Import And Export

Authors: Mohd Sohrab Shaikh

Abstract: All the necessary steps are being taken for the effective implementation of much-awaited Goods and Services Tax (GST) from April 2017 in India. GST will eradicate 17 indirect taxes and as a result the Indian economy will get a major push as many economists have predicted a 2 – 2.5 per cent boost for the country’s GDP. Apart from manufacturing sector, logistics, warehousing and even the common man will benefit from the amendment. GST will be beneficial to the Centre, states, industrialists, manufacturers, the common man and the country at large since it will bring more transparency, better compliance, an increase in GDP growth and revenue collections. The research concludes with suggestions, including simplifying compliance, enhancing support for small businesses, and fostering digital literacy. As GST continues to evolve, a strategic and adaptive approach, coupled with stakeholder collaboration and education, is deemed essential for navigating the intricate dynamics of import and export trade within the GST regime.

From Digital Natives to AI Natives: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of E-Commerce Decision-Making among Generation Z and Generation Alpha

Authors: Dr.K. Srikanth, Dr M. Raghava Reddy, Dr T Siva Ratna Sai, Mr GLN Sravan Kumar

Abstract: The digital trade history has seen a paradigm shift once Generation Alpha, a group of people who were born wholly in the 21 st century, replaces the digitally savvy Generation Z. This paper examines the cross cultural online shopping pattern between these two groups in order to establish the dissimilarity in the psychology of consumers. The main aim is to find out how social proof, interface design and cultural brand affinity influence the buying decisions. Through a quantitative research method and a sample of N=100, research data were gathered through structured questionnaires on cross-cultural variances in decision making. The paper employs independent sample t-tests to determine the statistical significance of the difference among the groups. Findings have shown statistically significant difference (p<0.05p < 0.05p<0.05) in terms of the impact of algorithmic personalization, with the Generation Alpha exhibiting greater dependency than the Generation Z. Nevertheless, unlike the conventional cultural paradigm, the two groups exhibited homogenized global versus local brand preferences indicating a convergence of the digital culture. This research is a valuable contribution to every marketer seeking to customize the strategies to meet the demands of the upcoming economic drivers.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18308912

Measuring Customer Satisfaction In E-Commerce: A Comparative Study Across Platforms

Authors: Kailas Vanvas Singade, Dr. Nitin Ganorkar

Abstract: Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods, services etc. from a seller interactively in real-time without an intermediary service over the internet. Online shopping is the process of buying goods and services from merchants who sell on the internet. It was a cross sectional descriptive study done in among the population who have done at least once online shopping in any online store. The major objective was to study about factors associated with customer satisfaction towards online shopping inside along with to find out level of satisfaction. In age group the majority of the respondents were from age group 18–24, in gender male was of 69% of total respondent, for level of education bachelor level respondent were at majority. Hindu (53.5%) were major and respondent from nuclear family were more (56%). The factors like education level, occupation, monthly income, religion and type of family were found statistically significant with online shopping.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18309571

A Study an Artificial Intelligence and Women Entrepreneurs in Karnataka

Authors: Dr Nagesha

Abstract: Although AI would ease the operations, make it better in customer interface, and make scalable growth easier for women entrepreneurs in Karnataka, there are several deterring factors against its adoption. Self-learning capabilities and AI-driven data for marketing forecasts and wider customer reach through digital platforms would assist women businesses; however, the following deterrents are at work: high usage costs, limited access to resources and technical know-how, and ingrained gender biases. There is a need to bridge this gap with gender-responsive policies and services. Business ecosystem enablers include programs like Elevate 2024 and the Women Entrepreneur Cell under the Startup Karnataka program. Socio-cultural and socio-economic contexts must be known for AI-based interventions, especially in food processing, handicrafts, and textiles. The Diffusion of Innovations Theory and TAM theories explain the factors influencing the acceptance and adoption of AI by women entrepreneurs. The key strategies would include peer networking, enhancement of digital literacy skills, strengthening public-private partnership for financial support, and mentorship from experienced technology adopters. There is a need to do participatory action research and longitudinal studies in order to analyze the socioeconomic effects of AI on women-owned businesses in Karnataka. With this, overcoming these barriers would empower women entrepreneurs to utilize AI skilfully towards achieving growth and contribute toward an economy that becomes more balanced and sustainable by way of gender equality and enhanced economic empowerment in Karnataka’s entrepreneurial landscape.

Impact of Fintech Innovations on Financial Inclusion in India: the Case of Upi and Digital Lending

Authors: Chinmayi G K, Sainath Shet,, Shivarudra Kurubar, Dr. Abhijit Chakraborty

Abstract: This study examines the interplay of financial literacy and digital financial services, especially UPI-based digital payments and digital lending platforms, on financial inclusion in India. Drawing on an exclusively secondary research methodology, this paper synthesizes insights from related peer-reviewed journal articles, government reports, surveys by RBI and NPCI, and research papers from credible academic sources. The literature demonstrates that digital financial tools have reduced several barriers to banking access by providing low-cost, user- friendly, and real-time transactions. UPI has emerged as a game-changing platform that has enabled seamless payments, enhanced transparency, and empowered first-time users, especially in rural and semi-urban areas. The findings also reveal that while digital platforms expand access, financial literacy gaps limit effective use. Most users, especially those from vulnerable groups, still rely on informal guidance and are uninformed on security practices. The secondary evidence also reveals an uptick in a number of concerns in the area of digital lending, including high interest rates, lack of transparency, aggressive recovery practices, and risk of over-indebtedness among low- income borrowers. By presenting case-based evidence from the articles reviewed, this study concludes that only responsible lending frameworks, user education, strong regulatory oversight of digital finance operators, and secure technological infrastructure can accelerate financial inclusion. Generally, the research shows that efforts toward bridging the digital divide will require sustained activities not only in technological innovation but also in digital education, consumer protection, and policy reform to realize equitable and safe financial participation for all.

Green Bonds As A Tool For Financing Sustainability: A Comparative Study Of India And Global Markets

Authors: Deeksha N N, K Sunayana Bhat, Dr. Abhijit Chakraborty, Manoj M

Abstract: Green bonds are becoming an important way to raise money for projects that protect the environment and support clean energy. The aim of this study is to understand how green bonds help in financing sustainable projects and to compare India’s progress with major global markets like the US, Europe, and China. To achieve this, secondary data has been used from SEBI, RBI, government reports, and international financial sources. The findings show that global markets are more advanced, with strong rules, high investor trust, and large investment flows into green projects. India is growing quickly in this area, especially in renewable energy, but still needs clearer policies, stronger monitoring systems, better incentives, and more investor awareness to match global standards. The study suggests that if India focuses on transparency, offers financial benefits, and strengthens certification standards, it can attract more investors and speed up the growth of sustainable projects. This will help India support environmental protection and achieve long-term climate goals more effectively.

FUZZY-Aushadhi-Sanchar: Big Data-Driven Sentiment Analysis For Ayurvedic Treatment

Authors: Neh Sharma

Abstract: Millions of users share experiences and opinions across social media platforms, review portals, and online health communities, forming a rich but complex digital footprint. These expressions often reflect overlapping emotions—trust, curiosity, hesitation, and belief—rather than clear-cut judgments. As a result, big-data sentiment analysis, supported by fuzzy and uncertainty-aware models, offers a more realistic way to interpret public attitudes than rigid positive–negative classification. Drawing on studies published between 2020 and 2025, the analysis integrates insights from multilingual transformer-based sentiment models, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) perception research, and the expanding digital health ecosystem. The proposed workflow includes data collection, linguistic preprocessing, fuzzy aspect-level sentiment detection, geotagging, temporal comparison, and topic modelling, allowing sentiment to be represented as a continuum rather than a binary outcome. Across the reviewed studies, Indian users generally express strong and confident positive sentiment toward Ayurveda, shaped by cultural familiarity and routine use. In contrast, global users tend to display graded responses that combine interest with caution, particularly around scientific validation, safety, and standardisation. The paper concludes by outlining policy and communication implications for health and wellness stakeholders, and by identifying future research directions such as multimodal analytics, fuzzy-interpretable models, and real-time sentiment dashboards. Together, these approaches support a more culturally sensitive, evidence-aligned, and uncertainty-aware understanding of Ayurveda’s evolving global presence.

A Study On Green Bonds In India: Opportunities And Challenges

Authors: Ms G. Rajitha, Dr. Thokala Vijayakumar

Abstract: Green Bonds have emerged as a crucial tool in mobilizing capital for environmentally sustainable projects. In India, the green bond market has witnessed consistent growth since its inception in 2015, bolstered by increasing awareness of climate change and proactive government support. While numerous studies have examined the Indian green bond market up to 2023 and a few extended their analysis to August 2024-no comprehensive research has yet incorporated full year 2024 data. As a result, recent developments- such as the municipal green bond issuances by Ahmadabad and Vadodara in early 2024, and the sectoral distribution patterns of sovereign green bonds – remain largely unexamined. This study addresses this significant gap by examining secondary data from 2015 to the end of 2024, offering one of the first comprehensive, data driven investigations into the latest patterns, opportunities and challenges in India’s green bond landscape. Specifically, it reviews issuance volumes along with year- on- year growth trends, assesses policy initiatives and explores sectoral shifts. This paper concludes with policy recommendations to enhance the green bond ecosystem in India.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18413648

Financial literacy and Women’s empowerment in rural India: Empirical evidence from Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh

Authors: Joga Harikrishna, Bhabya Singh

Abstract: Financial literacy has emerged as a crucial determinant of women’s empowerment, particularly in rural economies where access to formal financial systems, education, and economic opportunities remains constrained. In the Indian context, rural women often face multiple socio-economic barriers that limit their participation in financial decision-making and income- generating activities. This study empirically examines the role of financial literacy in promoting women’s empowerment in rural India, with special reference to the Sagar District of Madhya Pradesh. The research is based on primary data collected from 120 rural women selected from different villages of the district through a structured questionnaire and personal interviews. Financial literacy is assessed using indicators such as awareness of savings instruments, banking services, credit facilities, insurance, and digital financial tools, while women’s empowerment is measured through economic, social, and decision-making dimensions. The findings of the study reveal that rural women with higher levels of financial literacy exhibit greater economic independence, enhanced participation in household financial decisions, improved savings behavior, and increased confidence in interacting with formal financial institutions. Participation in self-help groups and access to banking services were found to significantly influence financial awareness and empowerment outcomes. The study also highlights that despite improvements in basic financial knowledge, awareness of insurance products, investments, and digital financial services remains relatively low among rural women. A positive and significant relationship between financial literacy and women’s empowerment is observed, indicating that financial knowledge acts as a catalyst for improving women’s socio-economic status. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing localized empirical evidence from an under-researched region of central India, employing rigorous quantitative methods to establish causal linkages, examining mediating mechanisms and heterogeneous effects, and offering practical recommendations grounded in ground-level realities. The research underscores that financial literacy is a necessary but not sufficient condition for women’s empowerment, and that comprehensive approaches addressing knowledge, access, agency, and structural constraints are required to achieve sustainable and transformative change in rural women’s economic and social status.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18426517

The Nexus Between Fiscal Federalism, Budgetary Allocation And National Security In Nigeria

Authors: Ishaku, Rimamtanung Nyiputen, Achinulo Ogochukwu Fafour, Nweze Maria Ukamaka

Abstract: This article examines the complex relationship between fiscal federalism, budgetary allocation, and national security in Nigeria. It argues that Nigeria’s highly centralized fiscal federalism, characterized by revenue-sharing arrangements and limited subnational fiscal autonomy, significantly affects the country’s ability to address multifaceted security challenges, including insurgency, militancy, communal violence, and criminality. Drawing from theoretical and empirical literature, the article explores how fiscal federal structures influence budgetary priorities and resource distribution across federal, state, and local governments. It highlights the implications for security provisioning, identifies gaps such as revenue volatility, misaligned incentives, and weak local capacity, and offers policy recommendations to align fiscal arrangements with Nigeria’s evolving security needs. These include reforms to revenue-sharing mechanisms, enhancement of subnational fiscal autonomy, security-sensitive budgeting, and stronger oversight and coordination frameworks. The study contributes to the discourse on governance, public finance, and security in federal systems, with practical implications for Nigeria and other resource-dependent federations.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18426637

Financial literacy and Women’s empowerment in rural India: Empirical evidence from Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh

Authors: Joga Harikrishna, Bhabya Singh

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18426658

Beyond The Iron Triangle In Nigeria’s ICT Sector: A Qualitative Study Of Adaptive Project Leadership And Success

Authors: Christian Osita Godson, Otabil Owusu-Ansah

Abstract: Traditional project success measures centred on time, cost and scope are increasingly inadequate in volatile and complex environments. This study examines how project management practice and project success are conceptualised and evaluated within Nigeria’s ICT sector, where rapid technological change intersects with infrastructural constraints and socio-political uncertainty. Drawing on a qualitative exploratory case study, data were generated via semi-structured interviews with fifteen senior ICT project professionals across public agencies, multinational firms, indigenous start-ups, and regulatory bodies, complemented by analysis of project artefacts including project charters, risk logs, stakeholder matrices, and post-implementation reviews. Reflexive thematic analysis reveals five interdependent dimensions shaping effective project delivery: sustained stakeholder engagement enacted as ongoing co-creation; continuous strategic and societal alignment; resilience through adaptive governance and iterative delivery practices; multidimensional success criteria incorporating legitimacy and long-term value; and contextual adaptability grounded in local cultural and institutional conditions. The study extends “beyond the iron triangle” perspectives on project success by providing empirical evidence from a Global South digital economy and reframes the project manager as an adaptive leader who integrates stakeholder governance, resilience, and contextual intelligence to support legitimate and sustainable digital innovation outcomes.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18430153

Evolution Of Direct Selling Regulations In India: An Analysis Of The 2016, 2021, And 2023 Guidelines

Authors: Seema, Jagdeep Singh, Ashish Bansal

Abstract: Direct selling is a significant component of the Indian economy, contributing to entrepreneurship and employment. However, due to concerns over fraudulent practices and pyramid schemes, the Government of India has introduced various regulations over time. This paper examines the evolution of direct selling regulations in India, focusing on the Direct Selling Guidelines of 2016, the Consumer Protection (Direct Selling) Rules of 2021, and the amendments made in 2023. By analyzing these frameworks, this study provides insights into their implications on the industry, compliance requirements, and consumer protection. The discussion section evaluates these policies in comparison to international best practices, and the conclusion provides recommendations for further improvements.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18440053

The Role of Leadership Styles in Enhancing Employee Motivation and Organizational Effectiveness

Authors: Uday Pratap Singh

Abstract: This study investigates how transformational, transactional, and servant leadership styles influence employee motivation and organizational effectiveness in Indian organizations. Employee motivation significantly determines organizational success, yet limited empirical research exists examining these relationships within the Indian context. This quantitative research employed a cross-sectional survey design with 308 employees from various Indian organizations. Data were collected using standardized instruments including the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Work Motivation Scale. The hypothesis posited that transformational leadership would demonstrate stronger positive correlations with employee motivation compared to transactional and servant leadership styles. Results revealed significant positive correlations between transformational leadership and intrinsic motivation (r=0.29, p<0.01), with path analysis demonstrating that transformational leadership significantly predicts employee motivation (β=0.432, t=4.762, p<0.01). Employee motivation exhibited a strong positive relationship with organizational performance (β=0.873, t=6.872, p<0.01), confirming its mediating role. The findings indicate that organizations prioritizing transformational leadership development can substantially enhance employee motivation and organizational effectiveness through inspirational vision, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration of employees.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18440205

Analytical Evaluation Of Liquidity And Solvency Position Of Commercial Banks In India

Authors: P. Vijetha, Sk Maqbool basha

Abstract: The stability and performance of commercial banks are critical to the financial system and overall economic growth. This study aims to analytically evaluate the liquidity and solvency positions of six major Indian commercial banks, comprising three public sector banks (State Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Punjab National Bank) and three private sector banks (HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank) over the period 2016–2025. Using secondary data from annual reports, RBI publications, and financial databases, key liquidity ratios (Current Ratio, Cash to Deposit Ratio, Liquid Assets to Total Assets) and solvency ratios (Debt-to-Equity Ratio, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Interest Coverage Ratio) were computed. The study employs trend analysis, ratio analysis, comparative evaluation, and hypothesis testing (ANOVA and t-tests) to examine inter-bank differences and temporal trends. Findings indicate that private banks maintain higher liquidity and solvency ratios than public banks, with overall improvement in financial health across the decade. The results confirm statistically significant differences among banks and underscore the importance of effective liquidity and capital management for long-term financial stability. The study provides insights for policymakers and bank management to strengthen regulatory compliance and risk management strategies in the Indian banking sector.

Impact of Social Media Marketing on Consumer Purchase Intentions

Authors: Assistant Professor – Varsha Tatariya

Abstract: The increasing penetration of social media platforms has transformed how consumers interact with brands and make purchasing decisions. Social media marketing enables businesses to communicate directly with consumers through interactive, personalized, and real-time content. This research paper examines how social media marketing influences consumer purchase intentions by shaping perceptions, attitudes, and trust toward brands. The study discusses major influencing factors such as content effectiveness, influencer credibility, engagement, and brand communication. The findings indicate that social media marketing significantly affects consumer purchase intentions by increasing awareness, reducing perceived risk, and encouraging informed decision-making.

Role of Influencer Marketing in Shaping Brand Trust and Loyalty

Authors: Assistant Professor – Anjor Sawant

Abstract: Influencer marketing has emerged as a prominent digital marketing strategy in which individuals with significant online presence influence consumer perceptions and behavior. Brands increasingly collaborate with social media influencers to communicate their values, promote products, and build long-term relationships with consumers. This research paper examines the role of influencer marketing in shaping brand trust and brand loyalty. The study explores how influencer credibility, authenticity, transparency, and audience engagement contribute to consumer trust and loyalty toward brands. The findings suggest that influencer marketing plays a crucial role in strengthening brand trust, which subsequently enhances consumer loyalty and long-term brand relationships.

Administrators’ strategies for improving student retention and completion rates in National Open University of Nigeria, Uyo Centre

Authors: Ukeme Henry Udo, Ekpoafia, Constance Aniefiok

Abstract: This study examined administrators' strategies for improving student retention and completion rates in National Open University of Nigeria, Uyo Centre.The study employed a descriptive survey design with a population of 106 administrators and facilitators in National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) Uyo Learning centre. This comprised 7 administrators and 99 facilitators. The entire population was studied as census without sampling due to the manageabke size of the population. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled "Administrators' Strategies for Improving Student. Retention and Completion Rate Questionnaire” The reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha method. Reliability coefficients of 0.89, 0.77 and 0.84 were obtained. The findings of the revealed among others that revealed that administrators' adoption of flexible learning options and provision of incentives for completion improve student retention and completion rates in National Open University of Nigeria, Uyo Centre to a high extent. Based on the findings it was recommended among others that National Open University of Nigeria, Uyo Centre should continue expanding flexible learning options, including online course delivery, modular courses, and flexible schedules (e.g., weekend and evening classes). This will further accommodate the diverse needs of students, especially working adults, and help in reducong dropout rates.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18481379

A Study on The Awarness of Mutual Funds Investment in Arasikere.

Authors: Dr. Prathap B N, Mr. Mohana Kumara D

Abstract: Investment decisions are made with the objective of earning regular returns while minimizing risk. In India, investors have access to a wide range of investment channel such as insurance, shares, debentures, and mutual funds. Among these, mutual funds have emerged as an attractive investment option due to their diversification, professional management, and comparatively reduced risk. However, the level of awareness regarding mutual fund investments among retail investor remain inadequate. This study aims to examine the awareness of mutual fund investments in Arasikere,hassan (district) with reference to age, income, education, and risk-taking ability. Primary data were collected from 50 respondents through a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that although most respondents perceive mutual funds as a safe investment and exhibit moderate risk-taking behavior, awareness levels are still influenced by income, education, and informal sources such as friends and family. The study suggests that enhanced financial literacy programs and awareness initiatives can improve mutual fund participation among investors.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18492280

Thailand 5.0: Redefining Hospitality Through Sustainable Smart Tourism

Authors: Professor Dr. Aphisavadh Sirivadhanawaravachara

Abstract: Thailand is switching to an economy that relies on knowledge and innovation, called Thailand 5.0. This change is really shaking up the hospitality and tourism industry. This article looks at how Smart Tourism—which uses tech, data, and eco-friendly ideas—is changing how tourism works in Thailand. Thailand 5.0 wants the country to be a top player in sustainable smart tourism. It focuses on bouncing back after the pandemic, protecting the environment, keeping Thai culture alive, and getting locals involved. This study looks at how Smart Tourism has changed over time and how it now uses digital platforms, apps, and AI. It also talks about the problems caused by not having enough infrastructure and by people having vastly different incomes. By checking out examples like smart hotels, eco-resorts, and the Smart City Campsite project, this research gives an inside look at what Thailand is doing to make its tourism better, improve things for tourists, and make sure everyone benefits financially. By mixing tech, sustainability, and Thai culture, Thailand 5.0 is creating a tourism plan that is open to everyone, works well, and can handle tough times.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18494831

The Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Promoting Sustainable And Ethical Investing

Authors: Dr. Abhijit Chakraborty, Bharath K N, Shriram, Yogeesha L C

Abstract: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into sustainable and ethical investing (ESG) is transforming financial markets, aligning them with global sustainability goals. While the exponential growth of ESG practices is challenged by the complexity and scale of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data, AI offers a powerful solution. AI technologies, including machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), significantly advance ESG integration. They process vast, unstructured datasets—like corporate disclosures, media reports, and regulatory filings—to provide a nuanced and real-time understanding of a firm's ESG performance. NLP, for example, deciphers qualitative information and identifies reputational risks that conventional methods might miss. AI helps overcome key issues such as data inconsistency and subjectivity in ESG ratings, enhancing transparency and accountability. It facilitates scenario analysis to stress-test portfolios against climate or social risks, building more resilient and ethically sound portfolios. However, challenges exist, notably algorithmic bias, data privacy, and the "black box" nature of some models. Responsible deployment requires robust governance, transparency standards, and regulatory oversight. Ultimately, AI is a key enabler for informed, principled financial decisions, maximizing sustainable development through ethical investing.

Effect Of Social Media Marketing On Indian Consumers

Authors: Pandey Harshita Anupkumar, Dr Pritama Devi

Abstract: The social media environment has turned into a major point of contact with Indian consumers through all the awareness and evaluation and purchase phases, and the brands are starting to use the platform-native content and creators to shape the demand. This paper will focus on the effects of perceived social media marketing activities (SMMAs) entertainment, interaction, trendiness, customization and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on purchase intention and loyalty intention among Indian consumers. The conceptual model combines the framework of stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) with elaboration likelihood model (ELM) to discuss the effects of SMMA on behavioral intentions, which are organismic states including brand trust, consumer engagement, and consumer-based brand equity. The paper methodologically gives a survey-based design that is appropriate to the Indian samples, hypotheses, proposed initiatives, and an SEM-ready analysis plan. To show an example of APA-style reporting of tables, figures, and graphs without gathering primary data in such an environment, the Results section is based on a transparent synthetic dataset (N = 420) which was created in order to mimic the survey data on Likert scale with plausible correlations between constructs. The descriptive statistics, correlations and pictorial regression models reveal positive relationships between SMMA and purchase and loyalty intentions, and the indirect relationships of the variables through trust and engagement are stronger. The managerial implications illustrate the significance of credibility and interaction, control of influencer behavior and eWOM, and risk-reduction cues that can be used in transforming engagement to purchase. The main contribution of the paper is the fully developed template of the research which is India relevant and can be used with a real survey data with direct replication to get a publishable empirical research.

Changing Dynamics Of Family Structure In India

Authors: Dr.N.Selvakumar, Dr.R.S.Mohan Prakash

Abstract: The family structure in India has undergone considerable transformation over time as a result of social, economic, and cultural changes. The traditional joint family system is gradually being replaced by nuclear and smaller family units. Factors such as urbanization, globalization, increased education, women’s participation in the workforce, and technological development have contributed to this shift. While these changes have enhanced individual freedom, women empowerment, and economic independence, they have also led to challenges such as weakening family bonds, increased marital conflicts, childcare issues, and inadequate care for the elderly. This study aims to analyze the changing dynamics of family structure in India, examine the factors responsible for these changes, review existing literature, and suggest measures to strengthen family relationships in a rapidly changing society.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18545033

Monetary Policy, Inflation and Economic Growth in Nigeria

Authors: Ezeh Ifunanya Helen, Dr. Tochukwu Okafor

Abstract: Inflation has been regulated over the years by Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) via monetary instruments like the monetary policy rate (MPR). Nigeria’s inflation in the last couple of years however, has been sporadically increasing beyond the monetary authority’s control. Nigeria’s inflation rate accelerated to 27.33% in November 2023 from its previous figure of 22.41% as at May, 2023. Data culled from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) showed that the country’s GDP growth rate slowed from 3.11% to 2.31% in May, 2023. The monetary policy committee (MPC) in an attempt to fight inflation has hiked the MPR 7 consecutive times from 11.5% to 18.75% in 2023. Despite all the rate hikes inflation has continued its continuous rise and has been gradually eating into the country’s GDP, making households and families to reach poverty level because of the increase in prices of goods and services. The issue of monetary policy instability and high inflation has passed a major concern to Policy makers, Academics and also the Nigerian Economy, hence, this paper examined how monetary policy and inflation could influence Nigerian economic growth. Variables utilized for the study included; monetary policy rate, exchange rate, money supply and Inflation; which were examined against economic growth represented as gross domestic product (GDP). Secondary annual data from 1981 till 2022 and sources from the CBN statistical bulletin were utilized in the study. The sources data were analyzed using the multiple regression technique. Findings showed that monetary policy and inflation rate had negative impact on economic growth for the period under review. However, money supply and exchange rate had positive impacts on Nigeria’s economic growth. The Granger Causality test shows that both monetary policy, inflation do not granger cause GDP in Nigeria. The findings thus recommend that government should reduce food inflation and insecurity and also foster infant industry to start production in local industries so that they can begin to increase export and reduce import and proffer solutions to set Open Market Operations rate close to Monetary policy rate so that it can capture economic realities with regards to inflation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18545565

Indian Consumer Trends In The Post-COVID Economy: Evidence, Mechanisms, And Managerial Implications

Authors: Minora Amber Kinny, Pritama Devi

Abstract: The post-COVID India has experienced a redefined consumer economy where a faster digitization process, disparate income bouncing back and changing expectations of convenience, reliability, and trust have driven the transformation of consumer needs. The paper is a synthesis of the evolving preferences, channel decisions, and spending priorities of Indian consumers following the acute stage of the pandemic with no less than a time frame of 20222025. The study is a triangulation of evidence-based on official indicators, i.e., Unified Payments Interface (UPI) statistics reported in the statistical appendix of Economic Survey, and evidence-based on industry reports on FMCG, e-retail, and quick commerce as well as peer-reviewed academic research on post-pandemic consumer behavior and omnichannel retailing. It is synthesized to discover five enduring shifts. To start with, there is an increased value-seeking behavior among Indian consumers with price consciousness and sensitivity to deals without a consistent withdrawal into frugality. Second, the concept of real-time online payments has become the norm in the daily offline business, and it is not limited to urban, high-income population groups. Third, channel formats have shifted towards omnichannel formats and quick commerce on convenience categories is expanding rapidly. Fourth, the spending decisions in food, personal-care, and preventive services are still influenced by a long-term orientation towards health and well-being. Fifth, the premiumization based on aspiration runs parallel with stress in the demand of the mass-market, which highlights the different recoveries of income groups.

Consumer Decision-Making Patterns In Indian Households: A Scoping Review And Integrative Framework

Authors: Relissa Reynold Rodricks, Kamlesh Kumar

Abstract: The family roles, socialization, aspiration, perception of risk, the digital market places that are in rapid change influence the way Indian households make purchase decisions. This work summarizes the evidence regarding the consumer decision making patterns within the Indian households through a scoping review of 40 core peer-reviewed articles (20002025) in (a) household role structures and family influence, (b) consumer socialization (children/adolescents), (c) decision psychology and limited rationality, (d) adoption of technology and online shopping, and (e) sustainability-oriented consumption. This review has been informed by the well-known theories of decision making Theory of Planned Behavior, Technology Acceptance Model, and UTAUT/UTAUT2 in mapping the progression of Indian households in the need recognition to post-purchase evaluation process, and the role of various factors in influencing decision making and the question of who decides and how choices are made across product categories. The evidence shows that household choices are regularly made as a negotiated result, not individual decision: the influence dynamics depend on the product involvement, perceived risk, and decision phase; the digital channels are increasing the information search at the cost of intensifying worries of trust, safety of delivery, and safety of payment. There is also some evidence that there is rising joint decision-making of households living in cities and greater adolescent control in given categories, and sustainability decisions are limited by price sensitivity, availability, and assertion believability. The paper adds (1) India-specific decision journey model of household (2) role stage influence matrix to understand decision making in the family and (3) future research agenda that relates digital adoption, household bargaining, and after sales experiences. The implications concerning the transparency, grievance redressal, and inclusive policies on digital consumer protection are provided to the marketers, consumer educators, and policymakers.

A Comprehensive Review Of The Circular Economy: Concepts, Applications, And Future Pathways

Authors: Dr. Manoj Kumar, Dr. Suman Dhawan

Abstract: CE has become a revolutionary model of the economy that seeks to separate the economic development, resource use, and environmental destruction. Unlike the classical linear model of “take-make-Dispose”, CE focuses on absence of waste at design phase, constant utilization of resources and the renewal of natural processes. The review is a synthesis of literature that has been published on the conceptual foundations of CE, strategies of its implementation, its application in each sector, and the policy frameworks. It also determines some of the major challenges and research areas that should be addressed in the future in order to speed up the process of transitioning the world into more sustainable and more CE model. The paper explores concept of CE and how it is applied in industries, supporting technologies and policy tools, the potential opportunities and limitations to its implementation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18584634

An Analytical Study Of Key Determinants Influencing Sustainability In Urban Metro Rail Systems: A Case Study Of The Delhi Metro

Authors: Pramod Kumar Jha, Dr. Manoj Bhatia

Abstract: This study examines the key determinants influencing sustainability in urban metro rail systems, with a focused case analysis of the Delhi Metro. Rapid urban growth, rising travel demand, and environmental concerns have made sustainable mass transit essential for Indian cities. The Delhi Metro plays a major role in reducing traffic congestion, lowering air pollution, and supporting efficient urban mobility across the National Capital Region. This research evaluates how service quality, operational performance, connectivity, and environmental factors shape the overall sustainability of the metro system from the commuter’s perspective, while also considering demographic diversity across age, gender, and residential locations. The study adopts a mixed-method approach using a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale, supported by secondary data from official reports. Primary data were collected from 421 metro users across NCR, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS through descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression techniques. The findings reveal that sustainability in the Delhi Metro is significantly influenced by multiple factors, with passenger comfort and safety emerging as the strongest determinant, followed by connectivity and traffic congestion reduction. Environmental factors such as lower energy use and reduced air pollution also contribute positively. The regression model confirms overall statistical significance, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The study concludes that user-oriented service quality, network reach, and environmental performance are central to strengthening the long-term sustainability of urban metro rail systems like the Delhi Metro.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18605528

Fundamental Analysis Of Reliance Industries Ltd.

Authors: Dr. M.B. Suvarchala, Smt. V. Vijaya Kumari, S. Supriya

Abstract: Fundamental analysis are associated with the economic health of a company or the financial position of a company. A company is supposed to be considered as healthy with its good fundamentals and also if it is growing at a nice pace, generating profits consecutively, has limited debts and abundant cash to meet its current obligations. The present work is an outcome of “A study on fundamental analysis of Reliance Industries Limited”. The study was carried out for the period of five years during 2020-21 to 2024-25 to analyze the financial performance of the Reliance Industries Ltd. The tools used for analysis is ratio analysis and the trend percentages. The findings from the analysis were discussed in detail, suggestions for corrective action like maintaining good solvency in order to meet short term and long term obligations were given wherever applicable.

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The Impact Of Digital Payment On Small Business In India

Authors: Pooja Sumit Saxena, Deep Murzello

Abstract: In India, small-business payment has become one of the key aspects of digital payments, especially following a sudden scaffolding of account-to-account applications like Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and proliferation of acceptance based on QRs. In the case of micro and small enterprises, digital payments may help to mitigate cash-handling frictions, enhance speed and convenience of transactions, reach more customers, as well as create digital records that benefit bookkeeping and formal finance. Simultaneously, the rates of adoption and impact are also not evenly distributed: merchants experience limitations regarding device/internet reliability, transaction failures, settling delays, interoperability learning expenses, platform charges and hardware expenses in certain rails, cyber-fraud risk, and consumer dispute illiteracy. The present paper summarizes the available evidence on the impact of digital payment acceptance on the small-business performance in India, sales, customer retention, operating performance, credit access, formalization, and tax compliance. The framework provided by the paper is based on a systematic review/structured narrative method and secondary indicators as it links drivers of payment adoption (technology readiness, trust, perceived value, and ecosystem support) to business performance and resilience. Findings indicate that the greatest short-term benefits are obtained by increasing throughput (shorter checkout), lowering cash-management expenses, and enhancing customer convenience; medium-term benefits are facilitated by data trails which enhance lender confidence and supplier contacts. Nonetheless, gains can be neutralized by risks, particularly exposure to fraud and reliance of operations on networks in case merchants are not properly protected. The research ends with policy recommendations that can be applied by policymakers, payment operators, and institutions that support MSMEs in enhancing their inclusivity in digitalizing their merchants besides increasing security, reliability, and dispute resolution.

Adoption Of Digital Ticketing And Mobility Applications: Behavioral Changes Among Railway Passengers

Authors: Mrs. S. Pradhibha, Dr. G. Kalpana

Abstract: The adoption of digital ticketing systems and mobility applications has significantly transformed railway services by improving convenience, efficiency, and accessibility for passengers. This study examines the role of digital ticketing and mobility applications in railway services and analyzes the behavioral changes among railway passengers based on secondary data from existing literature and reports. The findings indicate that factors such as ease of use, real-time information availability, digital payment integration, and increased smartphone usage have encouraged passengers to adopt digital platforms. The use of these applications has led to behavioral changes including reduced dependence on physical ticket counters, improved travel planning, greater acceptance of cashless and paperless travel, and higher expectations for service quality. However, challenges such as digital literacy gaps, technical issues, data security concerns, and resistance to change continue to affect adoption. The study concludes that while digital ticketing and mobility applications have positively influenced railway passenger behavior, focused efforts toward inclusive design, reliable infrastructure, and passenger awareness are essential for sustainable digital transformation in railway services.

Cost–Benefit Analysis of Lake Restoration Projects in Coimbatore District: A Comparative Study of Three Lakes

Authors: Srimathi.V, Dr.Nandeeswara Rao

Abstract: Restoration of urban lakes in rapidly developing regions like Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India, holds critical implications for ecological sustainability, water security, and social well-being. This paper presents a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of three major lake restoration initiatives in Coimbatore District, focusing solely on secondary data. The study aims to (1) evaluate the economic, environmental, and social outcomes of restoration for each lake; (2) compare the cost–benefit ratios to identify the most impactful project; and (3) provide methodological insights into CBA application for urban ecological restoration. The research synthesizes global and local CBA best practices, using structured frameworks adapted from established literature. The findings reveal that while financial costs are substantial, the long-term environmental and social benefits far outweigh initial investments, especially when intangible benefits are accounted for. However, significant uncertainties and biases persist in benefit estimation, underscoring the need for robust methodological reforms. The paper concludes with recommendations for policymakers and practitioners on optimizing resource allocation and integrating broader societal values into future restoration planning.

Impact Of Artificial Intelligence On Indian Labour Market

Authors: Singh Aditya , Dr. Vibhuti Sharma, Dr. Bhawana Goel

Abstract: This research paper will examine the double-edged effects of Artificial Intelligence on the Indian labour market by weighing the immense potential for increased productivity against the shockwave of 120 million jobs potentially at risk by 2030. Through a qualitative study of international and national documented cases in a desk research manner, the thesis reveals a pressing need for a "Skill Mismatch Crisis" coupled with a "regulatory vacuum" since current legislation such as the Factories Act and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act of 2023 neglect the challenges posed by algorithmic labour management practices, gig economy insecurity, and monitoring at the workplace. Analyze large-scale employment datasets (such as PLFS or EPFO) and online job vacancy data to measure shifts in job demand, wage polarization, and the "displacement effect" across different sectors., the paper points out how constitutionally entrenched equality and privacy rights may possibly be usurped against vulnerable categories. The paper propounds an aggressive three-legged policy initiative design for the Indian government toward a more equitable economic development through a massive upscaling program accompanied by comprehensive security provisions within the gig economy.

Study of Trends in Crop Production of Paddy: A State-Wise Analysis

Authors: Subasri. P, Dr. Nandeeswara Rao

Abstract: Paddy is a major food crop in India and plays a vital role in ensuring food security and supporting rural livelihoods. The present study examines the state-wise trends in paddy cultivation with specific focus on changes in area, production, and productivity across major rice-growing states of India. The analysis is based on secondary time-series data collected from official agricultural statistics and published research sources. Statistical tools such as trend analysis, compound annual growth rate, and instability measures are employed to assess growth patterns and variations over time. The results reveal significant regional disparities in paddy performance, with some states showing steady growth in productivity due to improved irrigation and technology, while others experience declining area and production influenced by climatic and socio-economic factors. The study highlights the importance of region-specific policies, efficient resource management, and climate-resilient practices to sustain paddy production. The findings provide useful insights for agricultural planners and policymakers in improving rice production and ensuring long-term sustainability.

A Study On the Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility On Foreign Direct Investment On Gdp of India

Authors: Ved Master

Abstract: Exchange rate volatility plays a critical role in shaping foreign investment flows and macroeconomic stability in emerging economies. India, as one of the largest recipients of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) among developing nations, has experienced significant fluctuations in its exchange rate regime since economic liberalization in 1991. This study examines the impact of exchange rate volatility on FDI inflows and, subsequently, on India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Using a descriptive and causal research design based on secondary data sources, the study explores the relationship between exchange rate movements, investor confidence, sectoral FDI distribution, and overall economic growth. The research also evaluates the effectiveness of government and monetary policies in mitigating exchange rate risks and stabilizing investment flows. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks such as the International Capital Mobility Theory, Portfolio Diversification Theory, and the Eclectic Paradigm, the study highlights how exchange rate uncertainty may either discourage investment due to increased risk or attract FDI through cost competitiveness effects. The findings are expected to provide insights into policy formulation aimed at strengthening macroeconomic stability, enhancing investor confidence, and promoting sustainable GDP growth in India. The study contributes to existing literature by integrating exchange rate dynamics, FDI behaviour, and sectoral impacts within the Indian economic context.

Cross-Cultural Dynamics in It Workplaces: Employees Perception and Strategies Adopted in Managing Cross Cultural Challenges

Authors: Dr. Rekhapriyadharshini, Pavithra.B.R

Abstract: The study is created to sense the cross-cultural dynamics in IT workplace among the employees with that to know about their perception and strategies adopted by them in managing the challenges in cross-culture. The study is conducted with the IT company employees who face the cross-cultural dynamics in their work environment. The tools used to know the challenges, perception and strategies took place by using simple frequency, ranking analysis, factor analysis. The data has been collected from 105 respondents from the various IT companies. It concludes that the IT employees face issues such as building trust with peers while being in cross-cultural work environment and face the adaption of different decision-making process.

Building Corporate-Ready Graduates: A Conceptual Framework for Bridging the Graduate-Corporate Gap in Higher Education across Disciplines

Authors: Dr. Shubham Tayal

Abstract: The widening disconnects between higher education outcomes and corporate workplace expectations have emerged as a structural challenge in India’s evolving knowledge economy. While academic institutions across disciplines continue to produce qualified graduates, employers consistently report gaps in workplace adaptability, communication competence, digital proficiency, and professional discipline. This conceptual study examines the graduate–corporate gap in the context of Uttar Pradesh and Delhi/NCR and proposes a multidimensional Corporate Readiness Framework applicable across academic streams. Grounded in Human Capital Theory, Employability Capital Models, Emotional Intelligence frameworks, and the policy vision of NEP 2020, the paper develops an integrated Corporate Readiness model structured around four pillars: Professional Adaptability, Interpersonal & Leadership Competence, Ethical & Behavioural Maturity, and Digital & Career Preparedness. The study argues that corporate readiness is not discipline-specific but universally relevant across commerce, engineering, arts, science, and management graduates. The paper offers institutional, student-level, and policy-oriented recommendations to embed structured readiness modules within higher education ecosystems. By repositioning corporate readiness as a pedagogical imperative rather than a placement-driven activity, the study contributes to strengthening employability outcomes and advancing India’s workforce competitiveness.

DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18668182

Technology-Neutral Broadband Policy and Incentive Design: An Economic Framework for Hybrid Fiber–Wireless Access Deployment

Authors: Kasheera Gamith

Abstract: National broadband strategies increasingly emphasize fiber-centric deployment as the preferred long-term infrastructure solution. While optical fiber offers superior scalability and performance, empirical deployment outcomes demonstrate that rigid fiber-only mandates frequently delay service availability, increase cost variance, and undermine universal access objectives—particularly in access-constrained environments. This paper argues that broadband policy frameworks must transition from technology-prescriptive models toward technology-neutral incentive structures that reward deployment efficiency and service outcomes rather than infrastructure type. Building on infrastructure economics, broadband policy literature, and hybrid access network theory, the paper develops an economic and regulatory framework that explicitly accommodates hybrid fiber–wireless architectures. The framework explains why hybrid solutions often outperform fiber-only deployments under real-world constraints and proposes incentive mechanisms that align operator behavior with public policy goals. By reframing broadband policy as an outcome-oriented optimization problem, the paper contributes a robust analytical foundation for inclusive, efficient, and future-resilient broadband deployment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18668558

Consumer Perception Regarding Dominos in Sirsa City

Authors: Dr. Amit Kumar, Dr. Sushil Kumar

Abstract: The fast-food industry in India has proficient rapid growth in recent years, with exclusive rapid service restaurants such as Domino’s playing a important role in determining changing food consumption patterns. Consumer perception is a crucial factor that affects brand preference, purchase decisions, and customer reliability in this reasonable market. The current study aims to assess the consumers perception regarding Domino’s in Sirsa City, with detailed focus on demographic variables such as gender, age, education, occupation, income, and frequency of visits. Primary data were collected from 120 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools including percentage analysis and ANOVA are used to interpret the data The study delivers valuable insights into consumer behavior in a tier-2 city and deals practical consequences for Domino’s to expand customer satisfaction and strengthen its market position in Sirsa City.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18680999

Emotional Versus Rational Appeals In Green Marketing: A Neuro-Consumer Perspective

Authors: Dr. Swapnil S. Phadtare

Abstract: This study investigates how emotional and rational marketing appeals in green advertising influence consumer decision-making through neuro-consumer lenses. Employing neurophysiological tools (EEG and eye-tracking) alongside traditional survey methods, we test consumer responses to emotional vs. rational green campaigns. Data from 200 participants reveal that emotional appeals generate higher engagement and purchase intent, supported by both neural markers and self-reported measures. Findings contribute to marketing theory and managerial practice in sustainability communications.

Digital Transformation Strategies In Modern Organizations

Authors: Dr.P.Shabanabi, Mr.S. Naresh Kumar

Abstract: Digital transformation (DT) has become a strategic necessity for modern organizations seeking sustainable competitive advantage in an increasingly technology-driven global economy. This study investigates the strategic frameworks, implementation methodologies, and performance outcomes associated with digital transformation initiatives across various sectors. Using a qualitative research design supported by secondary data analysis and case-based synthesis, the study identifies leadership alignment, data-driven decision-making, business process reengineering, cloud adoption, cyber security enhancement, and organizational culture change as critical success factors. The findings indicate that organizations adopting structured digital transformation roadmaps demonstrate measurable improvements in operational efficiency, customer engagement, innovation capability, and financial performance. However, challenges such as resistance to change, legacy infrastructure constraints, and cybersecurity risks continue to hinder effective implementation. The study proposes an integrated Digital Transformation Strategic Framework (DTSF) to guide organizations in planning, execution, and continuous innovation. The results contribute to academic literature and provide practical insights for policymakers, business leaders, and digital strategists.

Financial Planning Awareness Among Indian Youth

Authors: Tiwari Suchi Santosh

Abstract: The fact that the young generation in India is increasingly involving itself in the credit markets at a younger age, the process of digitification of payment and investment has accelerated and has made the financial products offerings more complex has necessitated the need to be more conscious about the importance of financial planning by the young generation in the country. Nonetheless, the fact that young adults are more likely to display the lack of objective financial knowledge and planning behavioral deficiencies and risk awareness can be taken as a slight indication that youth as the participants of digital finance use are not yet ready to be viewed as mature users of digital finance. The proposed study will gauge the level of financial planning awareness among the Indian youth and test a model in terms of the relation between financial planning awareness and financial literacy (objective and perceived) and financial socialization, digital financial literacy, and predictors of behavior, among attitudes and self-efficacy and risk tolerance. A summary of a cross-sectional survey design (N = 500; age 1829) is presented, and the measurement items were validated and were grounded on tools employed in the financial literacy and behavior literature. Results (sample template values have been provided in full paper draft) show moderate or low levels of financial planning awareness as a general level with huge differences in level of education and working conditions. A number of regression and SEM-type directions indicate that objective financial literacy, financial self-efficacy, and family financial socialization are among the strongest predictors of the planning awareness and that fintech usage is positively connected with the mediators of digital financial literacy and responsible financial management behavior. The paper concludes with the implication of higher education, financial wellness programs at the workplace, and policy programs not only with the focus on access and adoption of digital finance but also with planning competence, risk awareness, and long-term goal setting.

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Why Liquidity Fails To Become Enterprise: Monetary Policy Transmission, Remittances, And Entrepreneurial Finance In Nepal: Implications For Central Bank Governance

Authors: Ram Paudel, Alex Shrem, Uttam Thapa

Abstract: This paper examines why excess liquidity, remittance inflows, and financial deepening in Nepal have failed to translate into productive entrepreneurship, with implications for central bank governance, financial inclusion, and innovation-led development. The paper adopts a conceptual and policy-analytical approach rather than an empirical estimation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18754205

Assessing The Multi-Sectoral Impact Of The RBI’s 2025 Monetary Easing On The Indian Economy

Authors: Ms. Payal Varma, Dr. Sabir Nasir Mujawar

Abstract: In early 2025, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) undertook an aggressive monetary easing strategy to counter subdued economic growth and global uncertainty. This study analyzes the sectoral transmission of the RBI’s policy through detailed assessments of banking, real estate, automotive, MSMEs, rural economy, and financial markets. The paper investigates how reductions in the repo rate, CRR, and enhanced liquidity influenced credit growth, investment, and inflation control across income groups and regions. While the easing policies stimulated credit-fueled growth and improved liquidity conditions, asymmetries in transmission, credit risks, and the threat of inflationary rebound remain critical challenges. This research combines real-time data with a comparative lens to draw insights into the efficacy, risks, and social implications of India's accommodative monetary approach in 2025.

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Explainable AI And Behavioural Signals For Financial Statement Manipulation Detection

Authors: S Malarvizhi

Abstract: Financial statement manipulation continues to undermine the reliability of corporate reporting, while conventional ratio-based detection tools remain largely backward-looking and often insensitive to behaviour-driven precursors. This study proposes a behaviourally enriched, explainable machine learning framework that integrates traditional accounting indicators with managerial and disclosure-based proxies to improve manipulation risk screening. Using a multi-year firm-year panel (2016–2023) of listed non-financial companies, the study constructs a binary manipulation label and develops two benchmark models (Beneish-style screening and logistic regression) alongside ensemble learning models (random forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM). Model evaluation emphasises imbalanced-class robustness using ROC–AUC, precision, recall, F1-score, and confusion-matrix diagnostics. Empirically, behavioural enrichment improves discrimination by approximately 4–7 percentage points in ROC–AUC across models, and the best-performing LightGBM specification achieves Accuracy = 0.95, Precision = 0.92, Recall = 0.90, F1 = 0.91, and ROC–AUC = 0.98. Relative to the logistic baseline, false negatives decline from 56 to 18 (≈68% reduction), strengthening audit-relevant sensitivity. To ensure audit usability, the framework embeds SHAP-based explainability, revealing Earnings Pressure Index and Management Tone Score as dominant predictors alongside DSRI and AQI, thereby demonstrating that manipulation risk is strongly behaviour-linked rather than purely numerical. Overall, the study contributes an interpretable, early-warning analytics tool that improves both predictive performance and decision transparency for auditors, regulators, and governance stakeholders.

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An Empirical Investigation Of Entrepreneurial Motivation, High-Performance Work Practices, And Employee Outcomes In Indian MSMEs: Evidence From Selected Districts

Authors: Mounika Beeravalli, Manea Swathi, P. Prasanna

Abstract: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in the economic development of India by contributing significantly to employment generation, industrial output, and regional growth. Despite their importance, many MSMEs face performance challenges due to limited managerial capabilities and underdeveloped human resource systems. This study empirically investigates the integrated relationship among entrepreneurial motivation, High-Performance Work Practices (HPWPs), employee outcomes, and organizational performance in selected district-level MSMEs. Using a structured questionnaire, primary data were collected from 250 respondents, including MSME owners/managers and employees. The study employed descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the proposed hypotheses. The findings reveal that entrepreneurial motivation significantly influences the adoption of HPWPs. Further, HPWPs positively impact employee outcomes such as job satisfaction, engagement, innovative work behavior, and performance. Employee outcomes were found to significantly enhance organizational performance and partially mediate the relationship between HPWPs and firm performance. Additionally, serial mediation analysis confirms that entrepreneurial motivation indirectly influences organizational performance through HPWPs and employee outcomes. The study contributes to entrepreneurship and strategic human resource management literature by integrating leadership motivation, HR systems, and employee-level mechanisms within the MSME context. The results highlight that sustainable MSME performance depends not only on entrepreneurial drive but also on structured HR practices and empowered employees. The findings offer practical implications for MSME owners, policymakers, and development agencies aiming to strengthen competitiveness and long-term sustainability in emerging economies.

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UNDERSTANDING CUSTOMER PAIN POINTS: REDUCING FRICTION IN ONBOARDING FOR DIGITAL BANKING PRODUCTS WITH SPECIAL REFERNCE TO SBI PRODUCTS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PARKTOWN BRANCH, CHENNAI

Authors: Dr.L.GEORGIA, Ms.ROSIMA.A

Abstract: The digital transformation of the banking sector has made customer onboarding a crucial factor in the successful adoption of digital banking services. Despite continuous technological advancements, many customers continue to experience difficulties during the onboarding process. This study examines the customer pain points associated with digital onboarding of banking products offered by the State Bank of India (SBI). The research is based on primary data collected from digital banking users using a structured questionnaire. The study adopts a descriptive research design and employs percentage analysis for data interpretation. The study is based on a sample size of 100 respondents selected from customers of the SBI Park Town Branch. The findings reveal that customers face challenges such as credential recovery issues, technical glitches, unclear system messages, and inadequate user guidance during onboarding. These issues are more prominent among elderly users and individuals with limited digital literacy, resulting in incomplete onboarding and increased dependence on physical branch visits. The study also highlights customer preference for biometric authentication, step-by-step written guides, and video tutorials to enhance usability and confidence. The study concludes that simplifying onboarding procedures and adopting user-centric digital design can significantly improve customer satisfaction and digital banking adoption.

Marketing Automation through Artificial Intelligence: A Strategic Perspective

Authors: Dr.R.Varalakshmi, Dr.M.Neelabai, Dr.G.Muruganandham

Abstract: This research explores the strategic role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in marketing automation. AI technologies such as machine learning, recommendation systems, and conversational tools are transforming how organizations interact with customers. This study uses simulated survey data from marketing professionals across multiple industries to evaluate AI’s impact on personalization, operational efficiency, customer engagement, and return on investment (ROI). The findings indicate that AI-enabled automation significantly improves marketing performance while introducing challenges related to data integration, cost, and workforce skills. The study concludes that AI-driven marketing automation is a strategic necessity in digital markets.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18799649

Financial Literacy And Financial Education: Pathway To Financial Well – Being And Economic Resilience

Authors: Samba Shalini

Abstract: In today’s complex financial environment, financial literacy has become an essential life skill that enables individuals to make informed decisions about saving, investing, borrowing, insurance, and retirement planning. This study explores the role of financial literacy and education as pathways to financial well-being, emphasizing their importance in fostering responsible financial behaviour, reducing vulnerability to risks, and promoting long-term economic stability. Drawing on a comprehensive review of global literature, the paper highlights how financial education enhances knowledge, decision-making, and entrepreneurial creativity, while also identifying persistent gaps such as limited longitudinal evidence, lack of integrated frameworks combining education and experience, and contextual biases toward developed economies. Methodologically, the study employs a descriptive and analytical approach, synthesizing secondary data from peer-reviewed sources to examine the interactive role of financial education and financial experience. Regression analysis conducted on 63 observations reveals weak explanatory power of age, gender, and income in determining financial awareness, underscoring the need for broader variables and improved models. Findings suggest that while financial literacy contributes positively to individual prosperity and economic resilience, current educational initiatives remain insufficient to drive long-term behavioural change. The study concludes that effective financial education strategies must integrate structured learning with practical experience, supported by inclusive policies tailored to diverse socio-economic contexts. Future research should expand empirical validation, incorporate larger samples, and evaluate alternative policy tools to strengthen financial capability and sustainable financial well-being.

Entrepreneurship In Tourism

Authors: VijayKrishnan. R. Prasad, Dr Nandeeswar

Abstract: Entrepreneurship in tourism plays a vital role in fostering economic growth, employment generation, innovation, and sustainable development, particularly in regions rich in natural, cultural, and heritage resources. The tourism sector offers diverse opportunities for entrepreneurial activities such as accommodation services, travel agencies, tour operations, transport services, event management, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, and community-based tourism enterprises. Tourism entrepreneurs act as catalysts by identifying market gaps, mobilizing local resources, adopting innovative business models, and enhancing visitor experiences while contributing to regional development. This study examines the concept, scope, and significance of entrepreneurship in tourism, with emphasis on its contribution to income generation, poverty alleviation, and inclusive growth. It also explores the factors influencing tourism entrepreneurship, including government policies, infrastructure, access to finance, technological advancement, skill development, and socio-cultural environment. Furthermore, the study highlights emerging trends such as digital tourism platforms, sustainable and responsible tourism practices, and experiential tourism, which are reshaping entrepreneurial opportunities in the sector. The abstract underscores the challenges faced by tourism entrepreneurs, such as seasonality, high competition, regulatory barriers, environmental concerns, and vulnerability to external shocks like pandemics and geopolitical conflicts. The study concludes that strengthening tourism entrepreneurship through supportive policies, capacity building, innovation, and sustainability-oriented strategies is essential for enhancing the resilience and long-term competitiveness of the tourism industry.

Retail Vs Institutional Investors In India: Market Participation, Performance And Impact

Authors: Dr Surbhi DM

Abstract: The structure of India’s capital market has undergone a structural transformation over the last decade, marked by a substantial increase in retail investor participation alongside sustained dominance of institutional investors. This study examines the comparative participation, investment behavior, ownership patterns, and market impact of retail and institutional investors in India. Using secondary data from regulatory bodies such as the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), National Stock Exchange (NSE), and the Association of Mutual Funds in India (AMFI), the study analyses trends between 2014 and 2025. The findings indicate that retail investors have emerged as a significant force in liquidity generation and market sentiment, while domestic institutional investors have increasingly stabilized markets during periods of foreign capital outflows. The paper concludes that the coexistence of retail expansion and institutional consolidation has enhanced market depth but necessitates stronger financial literacy and regulatory safeguards.

Destination Regeneration: Transforming Overtourism Hotspots Into Smart Eco-Regions

Authors: Aphisavadh Sirivadhanawaravachara

Abstract: Tourism around the world has grown quickly, but it's often caused problems for local people, the environment, and culture. This write-up checks out overtourism—when too many tourists swamp a place. This hurts its stuff, society, and nature. It suggests a fix: Smart Eco-Regions. These spots would use new ideas to mix tech, rules, being green, and helping locals. The aim is to rethink travel destinations as spaces where people can live together well without hurting longevity and come up with cool ideas. By taking a close look at places hit hard by overtourism like Venice, Barcelona, Machu Picchu, and Santorini, the research points out ways to stop just reacting to problems and start fixing places up before they get ruined. Some important moves are changing how things are run, getting locals involved, using green ways of doing tourism, and adding digital stuff. The paper gives a plan for turning trashed tourist traps into nice, green places to be. These places would balance what visitors want with keeping the environment and people healthy for a solid amount of time.

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Destination Regeneration: Transforming Overtourism Hotspots Into Smart Eco-Regions

Retail Vs Institutional Investors In India: Market Participation, Performance And Impact