Authors:-Khyal Jadav, Debashish Roy

Abstract- The journey of a new startup is fraught with hurdles and obstacles that test the resilience and adaptability of entrepreneurs. This study aims to elucidate and analyze the multifaceted challenges encountered by emerging startups in today’s dynamic business environment. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of literature and empirical research, this paper identifies key challenges faced by new startups across various dimensions, including but not limited to, financial constraints, market competition, regulatory compliance, talent acquisition, and technological disruptions. Through qualitative analysis of case studies and interviews with startup founders and industry experts, this research provides nuanced insights into the nature and impact of these challenges on the survival and growth of startups. Furthermore, this study examines the interplay between different challenges and the strategies employed by startups to mitigate their adverse effects. By exploring real-world examples and success stories, this paper offers practical recommendations and best practices for aspiring entrepreneurs and stakeholders to navigate the turbulent waters of startup ventures.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.2.issue3.104

Authors:- Mr. Gourav Kamboj

Abstract- The term “green finance” describes financial agreements designed specifically to be used for initiatives that address the effects of climate change on the environment or that embrace sustainable practices. The goal is to increase the amount of money flowing to sustainable development initiatives from the public, private, and not-for-profit sectors through banking, microcredit, insurance, and investment. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has been collaborating with various nations, financial regulators, and the finance sector to align financial systems with the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda in order to steer financial flows to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. A wide range of financial services and products fall under the umbrella of “green finance,” which can be broadly classified into banking, investing, and insurance products. Examples of these include green bonds, climate risk insurance, green investment funds, and green-tagged loans. It is advised to launch a sustainable stock exchange program to create stock price indices that monitor a group of companies’ stock performance in accordance with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles. Around the world, there are four different regulatory frameworks. The first is the disclosure of sustainability by financial and non-financial enterprises; the second is directed and concessional lending; the third is the formation of green financial institutions; and the fourth is the micro- and macro-prudential regulations of financial and non-financial institutions. India began focusing on green finance in 2007 and implemented a number of financial and fiscal incentives. “Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development, and Nonfinancial for Banks” was the name given by the RBI to the project. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was created in 2008 with the goal of outlining a comprehensive framework for policy in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. Other initiatives, such as “The Climate Change Finance Unit,” were created in 2011. India set a very ambitious goal in 2019: by 2030, it wanted to generate 450 GW of renewable energy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.2.issue3.105

1. Challenges Faced By New Start-Ups

Authors:-Khyal Jadav, Debashish Roy

Abstract- The journey of a new startup is fraught with hurdles and obstacles that test the resilience and adaptability of entrepreneurs. This study aims to elucidate and analyze the multifaceted challenges encountered by emerging startups in today’s dynamic business environment. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of literature and empirical research, this paper identifies key challenges faced by new startups across various dimensions, including but not limited to, financial constraints, market competition, regulatory compliance, talent acquisition, and technological disruptions. Through qualitative analysis of case studies and interviews with startup founders and industry experts, this research provides nuanced insights into the nature and impact of these challenges on the survival and growth of startups. Furthermore, this study examines the interplay between different challenges and the strategies employed by startups to mitigate their adverse effects. By exploring real-world examples and success stories, this paper offers practical recommendations and best practices for aspiring entrepreneurs and stakeholders to navigate the turbulent waters of startup ventures.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.2.issue3.104

2. Green Finance in India: Progress and Challenges

Authors:- Mr. Gourav Kamboj

Abstract- The term “green finance” describes financial agreements designed specifically to be used for initiatives that address the effects of climate change on the environment or that embrace sustainable practices. The goal is to increase the amount of money flowing to sustainable development initiatives from the public, private, and not-for-profit sectors through banking, microcredit, insurance, and investment. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) has been collaborating with various nations, financial regulators, and the finance sector to align financial systems with the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda in order to steer financial flows to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. A wide range of financial services and products fall under the umbrella of “green finance,” which can be broadly classified into banking, investing, and insurance products. Examples of these include green bonds, climate risk insurance, green investment funds, and green-tagged loans. It is advised to launch a sustainable stock exchange program to create stock price indices that monitor a group of companies’ stock performance in accordance with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles. Around the world, there are four different regulatory frameworks. The first is the disclosure of sustainability by financial and non-financial enterprises; the second is directed and concessional lending; the third is the formation of green financial institutions; and the fourth is the micro- and macro-prudential regulations of financial and non-financial institutions. India began focusing on green finance in 2007 and implemented a number of financial and fiscal incentives. “Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Development, and Nonfinancial for Banks” was the name given by the RBI to the project. The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) was created in 2008 with the goal of outlining a comprehensive framework for policy in order to mitigate the effects of climate change. Other initiatives, such as “The Climate Change Finance Unit,” were created in 2011. India set a very ambitious goal in 2019: by 2030, it wanted to generate 450 GW of renewable energy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.2.issue3.105

3. Anti-Disruptive Effect of Industry 4.0 on SCM: A Qualitative Study on Selected Indian Construction Companies

Authors:- Ms. Pawani Reddy, Dr. Sanjeev Mishra, Dr. A. K. Chaturvedi

Abstract- Rationale: Growing expectations and need of stakeholders followed with technological advancements at different ends of the Supply Chain (SC) are making the entire chain quite complex, and prone to disruptions and indecisive. To manage several aspects associated with the continuity of business processes, it become imperative to manage the supply chain risks associated with disruptions implicitly and explicitly. In this context interest of the academicians, researchers and industrialists for Industry 4.0 and related technologies for managing the disruptions of SC is burgeoning. The principal objective of the present research work is to qualitatively assess the relative effect of the Industry 4.0 tools and technologies on the SC visibility and flexibility which leads into making the SC more repressible and robust. Methodology: The research work was carried out in two different stages. In first stage extensive review was performed over the studies related with the disruptions in SC to identify the major challenging aspects and in consequent section analysis is presented. Conclusion: This research work confirms that Industry 4.0 tools and technologies are effective in building a resilient and robust SC at different stages. It is also noticed that Industry 4.0 tools and technology applications result into more explicit and implicit benefits to the SC in pre-turmoil and reclamation stage. Practical Contribution: The research work may help to know about the key areas of the SC followed with the application of Industry 4.0 tools and technologies to make the SC more resilient and robust for continuity of business.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.2.issue3.106

4. Business Risk Management Ideology and Entrepreneurial Development of Students in Tertiary Institutions in Southwestern, Nigeria

Authors:- Alli Noah Gbenga

Abstract- This study investigated the relationship between Business Risk Management (BRM) ideology and the entrepreneurial development of students in tertiary institutions within Southwestern Nigeria. A quantitative research design was employed, with data collected from a sample of 1918 students across five federal universities in the region. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire designed to gather information on risk identification, risk assessment and evaluation, risk mitigation and control strategies, entrepreneurial intentions, self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial behavior. The findings suggest a positive relationship between BRM ideology and the entrepreneurial development of students. Specifically, risk identification was found to significantly influence entrepreneurial intentions (p < 0.01) and self-efficacy (p < 0.05). Risk assessment and evaluation also demonstrated a significant positive impact on entrepreneurial intentions (p < 0.01), self-efficacy (p < 0.01), and entrepreneurial behavior (p < 0.05). Additionally, risk mitigation and control strategies were found to significantly contribute to entrepreneurial intentions (p < 0.01), self-efficacy (p < 0.01), and entrepreneurial behavior (p < 0.01). These findings highlight the importance of integrating BRM education into the curriculum of tertiary institutions in Southwestern Nigeria. By equipping students with the knowledge and skills to identify, assess, and mitigate potential risks, they are better prepared to navigate the challenges and uncertainties inherent in entrepreneurial ventures. This, in turn, can contribute to the growth of a vibrant and resilient entrepreneurial ecosystem in the region.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.2.issue3.107

5. Tata Digital’s Acquisition of BigBasket: A Strategic Analysis of Synergies and Challenges in the Indian E-grocery Market

Authors:- Shrikant Jaiswal

Abstract- This case study examines Tata Digital’s strategic acquisition of BigBasket, a leading player in India’s burgeoning online grocery market. The research investigates the underlying motivations driving this merger and acquisition (M&A) deal, with a specific focus on the strategic fit between both entities, financial implications, regulatory compliance, and challenges of cultural integration. By analyzing the market dynamics, financial performance, and regulatory landscape, this study aims to uncover the potential synergies and risks associated with the acquisition. The findings shed light on the evolving landscape of India’s commerce sector and the strategies employed by conglomerates like Tata to expand their digital footprint and capture market share in the rapidly growing online grocery segment. Additionally, the study delves into the complexities of integrating diverse organizational cultures and the regulatory hurdles faced in high-stakes M&A transactions. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the success of M&A deals in emerging markets and offers valuable insights for both practitioners and academics in the field of corporate restructuring and strategic management.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.2.issue3.108

6. Assessment of Uptake of Poultry-Based Risk Insurance Policy by Poultry Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria

Authors:- Adewale Abidemi Aremu

Abstract- This study assessed the uptake or adoption of the poultry-based risk insurance policy by poultry farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. Ondo State was selected due to the number of the population of poultry farmers and the viable organization of the farmers into an association named Poultry Association of Nigeria (PAN). The specific objectives of this research were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of the poultry farmers in the study area; examine the level of awareness among poultry farmers in Ondo State, regarding the poultry-based risk insurance policy.; assess the factors influencing the decision of poultry farmers in Ondo State to adopt or reject the poultry-based risk insurance policy; evaluate the perceived benefits and challenges associated with the uptake of the poultry-based risk insurance policy among poultry farmers in Ondo State; and, explore the perceptions and attitudes of poultry farmers in Ondo State towards risk management and insurance practices in the poultry industry. Through the organized association, primary data were randomly collected from 120 registered farmers in six Local Government Areas across the three senatorial districts (2 LGAs each) of the State. Additionally, to buttress some of the objectives, data were collected from six insurance companies offering poultry insurance policy and four agricultural credit lending financial institutions present in Ondo State. Well structured questionnaires were administered to the respondents using interview method. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and probit regression model. Empirical results revealed that a majority of respondents (76.7%) considered insurance to be important for their poultry business. However, only 23.3% of respondents reported having farm insurance. The results of the Probit regression analysis suggest that years of experience and awareness have a significant impact on the likelihood of being insured, while other factors such as age, education, household size, income, and affordability do not show statistically significant associations with insurance uptake. The mean age of the respondents was approximately 33years. Among the respondents, seven individuals (5.8%) identified as female, while the majority of respondents, 113 individuals (94.2%), identified as male. These results show that youth and female participation in poultry farming was very low. The majority of respondents (68 individuals, 56.7%) had 6-10 years of experience, while 32 respondents (26.7%) had 11-15 years of experience. A smaller proportion of respondents (8 individuals, 6.7%) indicated having 16 or more years of experience in the poultry farming industry. This implies that majority of the respondents had enough experience to participate in poultry farming and would be productive. Cross-tabulation of many variables was done to determine the significance of each of them to adoption of poultry-based poultry insurance. It was recommended that various channels, including government agencies, insurance companies, agricultural cooperatives and poultry Association of Nigeria be used to popularize the need for insurance cover for poultry farms. Insurance companies should design the policy in a tailored manner that will encourage poultry farmers to uptake insurance policy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.2.issue3.109

7. Measuring the Impact of Social Media Influencer Collaborations on Brand Trust and Consumer Loyalty

Authors:- Tiana Kukreja

Abstract- In recent years, marketing has dramatically shifted with the rise of influencer marketing. Social media influencers (SMIs) with significant followings and authenticity are now pivotal in reaching target audiences, bolstering brand awareness, and driving revenue. Brands collaborate with SMIs, creating a symbiotic relationship that promotes products and enhances brand appeal. Understanding the impact on brand trust and consumer loyalty requires examining alignment with target audiences, influencer reach, engagement levels, follower demographics, and brand sentiment. Influencers provide a more relatable alternative to traditional endorsements, reshaping marketing paradigms. This study explores how influencer marketing affects consumers using a social media influencer value model that highlights advertising value and source credibility. An online survey reveals that informative, trustworthy, attractive, and relatable influencer content boosts trust in branded posts, increasing brand awareness and purchase intentions. Additionally, the study examines how demographic factors like gender, income, and education affect the relationship between SMIs and choice imitation, offering insights for strategies to enhance brand loyalty and consumer engagement.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.2.issue3.110

8.A Study on Understanding Public Perceptions of Central Bank Digital Currency: A Qualitative Exploration of Benefits, Concerns, and Potential Impact

Authors:- Vidhi Nayyar, Vedang Khopkar

Abstract- The present study aims to delve into the perception of the youth and working class of India about CBDC- a new financial technology backed by the Reserve Bank of India. The study will help to understand the various perspectives and insights about this novel technology and thus try to comprehend and infer on its various implications, possible benefits, drawbacks and changes it would bring in place due to its adoption. This study sheds light on the application of concepts like centralisation, blockchain technology and smart contracts, which are integrated into it.

9. Women Empowerment through Financial Literacy: Building a Sustainable Future

Authors:- Research Scholar Sukhada Koppikar

Abstract- Investing in women’s financial literacy is not just an ethical imperative, but a strategic investment in a more sustainable future. This paper explores the crucial link between financial literacy and women’s empowerment, emphasising its impact on individual well-being, economic growth, and societal progress. Women empowerment goes beyond simply having rights on paper. It requires access to resources, decision-making power, and the ability to influence outcomes without undue social or economic pressure. It’s not just about financial independence, but also about freeing women from dependence on men or family for basic needs and opportunities. This includes social, cultural, and political independence as well. The statistic of 50% economically dependent women highlights the vastness of the issue in India. It emphasises the need for widespread and targeted interventions to address this challenge. This paper examines the financial behaviour and product knowledge of working women in Maharashtra. Financial literacy consists of combining efforts of knowledge and skills with saving and investment behaviour to generate wealth. Financial products are complex and require rational planning and a deep understanding of the basic functioning of financial products. Proper planning of income is crucial for leading a debt-free and financially healthy retirement. Financial product literacy consists of knowledge of financial worth, PPF, Equity shares, Preference shares, Recurring deposits, Bonds, Mutual Funds, SIP’s, Market regulator RBI and insurance coverage. Urban working women need to actively participate in financial planning and investing. This is possible if they possess the knowledge and tools of investing. The study aims to understand the present levels of financial literacy both basic and advanced possessed by urban women.

1. Key Components of Employee Engagement: An Observational Analysis of MSME’s in Kashmir

Authors:-Dr. Khanday Sadaf un Nisa, Dr. Altaf Hussain Naik

Abstract- Purpose- Employee engagement is a topic of concern for every enterprise be it small or medium. Success of enterprise is determined by its capability of retaining best talent. The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors that influence employee engagement. If the factors that have positive impact on employee engagement are known, then it becomes easy for the enterprise to act accordingly on those factors. Methodology- Data was collected from a sample of 68 employees from different small and medium scale enterprises operating in various districts of Kashmir. Findings- Financial factors mostly influence employee engagement. If employees are provided with impartial compensation and rewards for their work, they feel motivated and give their best. Enterprises that take into account career development opportunities for employees succeed in improving employee engagement. Enterprises should work on all the factors like financial, growth, motivation in order to compete globally because employee engagement now a days has gained global importance. Research limitations- The study involves a small sample of only 68 employees. Employee preferences vary, some factors may influence an employee in one way and same factors may influence the other employee differently. So further research can be conducted on this study. Practical implications- The study highlights the significant strategies that enterprises can use in order to increase their employee engagement. The study is helpful for the enterprises who want to retain talent and improve engagement levels of employees. Value/ originality- The paper is contributing to the existing body of knowledge related to employee engagement. Previous literature has lacked in determining employee engagement with respect to small and medium scale enterprises of Kashmir.

2. The Impact of Government Sustainability Policies on Consumer Behavior: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Authors:-Assistant Professor Meenakshi Singh, Associate Professor Dr Meenakshi Duggal, Assistant Professor Dr. Poonam Singh

Abstract- This literature review explores the dynamic relationship between government sustainability policies and consumer behavior, aiming to unravel the profound impact of policy decisions on the choices that shape our daily lives. The analysis reveals that government sustainability policies have been found to be effective in promoting sustainable practices and influencing consumer behavior. Studies have shown that energy efficiency policies significantly impact consumer choices, leading to increased adoption of energy-efficient appliances and more fuel-efficient cars. Government policies in the realm of sustainable transportation have also shown significant influence on consumer behavior, promoting the adoption of electric vehicles. Waste management and sustainable food policies have garnered attention as well, shaping consumer attitudes and behaviors towards recycling, waste reduction, organic farming, and sustainable agricultural practices. The analysis further highlights the importance of responsible and strategic green marketing approaches in meeting consumer demand for environmentally responsible products. Factors such as individual attitudes, social influence, and various contextual factors play significant roles in shaping consumer behavior towards sustainability. Bridging the intention-behavior gap in ethical consumerism and addressing the challenges associated with green marketing require a comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence consumer behavior. This literature review provides valuable insights that can inform the development of effective strategies and policies to promote sustainable consumption behavior and pave the way for a more sustainable future.

3. Key Factors Influencing the Implementation and Adoption of the Electronic Mastercard Register at Mlangeni Health Centre

Authors:-Daniel Devoted Matemba

Abstract- The study utilized a mixed-methods research design, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, to examine the factors influencing the successful implementation and adoption of the EMR. The results revealed a strong relationship between specific factors and the perception of the EMR doing good, which is crucial for successful adoption. Key findings include the significant negative impact of inadequate training and support, concerns about data security and privacy, and the absence of evidence regarding the benefits and value of the EMR. On the other hand, factors like resource availability, user-friendliness, and regulatory and legal considerations were not found to be statistically significant in influencing the perception. These results provide valuable insights for healthcare policymakers, administrators, and other stakeholders. By addressing the identified barriers and leveraging the enablers, healthcare facilities in similar settings can better plan for the successful integration of technology, ultimately improving operational efficiency and patient care. This study addresses a critical problem in the healthcare sector, namely, the lack of a comprehensive investigation into the specific factors influencing the adoption of EMR systems in resource-constrained environments. Its findings contribute to bridging this research gap and offer practical recommendations for enhancing technology adoption, thereby positively impacting healthcare services in Ntcheu District and beyond.

4. Structural Equation Model for Assessing Goodness of Fit on CSR Impact Factors

Authors:-Assistant Professor Dr.D.Dharmadhurai, Assistant Professor Dr.D.Shakila

Abstract- This study focuses on IT companies engaging in various CSR activities, with CSR standing for Corporate Social Responsibility. In India, the economy has experienced significant growth over the past two decades, largely due to the expansion of the Information Technology (IT) and Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) sectors. Corporate citizenship and CSR are closely tied to corporate behavior and reputation. When companies are socially responsible, they can effectively address societal concerns and demonstrate their impact. Different IT companies have adopted various CSR initiatives, and in India, CSR is mandated by Section 135(1) of the Companies Act, 2013, with indicative areas of CSR listed under Schedule VII. The objectives of this study are twofold: (a) to assess the influence of CSR practices adopted by IT companies on societal development and the benefits to the company, and (b) to build a structural equation model (SEM) for goodness-of-fit and test whether any statistical significance exists regarding CSR impact factors. AMOS (Analysis of moment Structures), a visual program for SEM, was used for this study. SEM was employed to test a model based on observed data from CSR-practicing IT companies in Chennai City, India. AMOS calculated a modification index for all constrained parameters in the model, indicating how much the chi-square value of the model would decrease if a parameter were free instead of constrained. Using these modification indices, the model was refined to achieve a better fit. The software packages used for data analysis and testing in this study were IBM SPSS and AMOS.

5. A Study on Impact of FDI on Indian Economy– An Empirical Analysis

Authors:-Assistant Professor Dr. Pooja Kumari, Associate Professor Dr. R. Vennila

Abstract- A lot of debate is going on about the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the process of growth has been hot in a number of nations, including India. The foundation and prerequisite for economic development and growth is investment. In addition to a country’s foreign exchange reserves, other factors that are essential to its health include exports, government revenue, financial status, the amount of available domestic savings, and the volume and caliber of foreign investment. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of FDI on Indian Economy. To meet the objective of the study time series data is used 2005 to 2023. Variables used in the study are Foreign Direct Investment as dependent variable and Gross Domestic Capital Formation (GDCF), export, import, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Foreign Exchange Reserve (FER) and Wholesale Price Index (WPI)as independent variables. Techniques used in this study are descriptive test, correlation and regression analysis. FDI exhibits a positive correlation with variables such as GDCF (0.44), Export (0.38), Import (0.42), GDP (0.44), and FER (0.44). This implies that a 1% increase in FDI corresponds to a corresponding degree of change in other variables. The correlation between WPI and FDI is negative, or – 0.22, indicating that the two variables go in different directions. The study concluded that FDI statically significantly impact on Indian economy.

Publication

1. Exploring The Offshore Banking – A Monetary Fixture Across the Borders

Authors:-Mrs. Yasmin. A. Barodawala, Assistant Professor Dr. Thakorbhai Patel

Abstract- The time and technology had led us to experience far-fetched and unthinkable, even in the monetary scenario. A great illustration of it is the idea that we can access and keep our capital in a bank outside our country’s border. This act of keeping our monies outside our country is nothing but ‘Offshore Banking’. It provides the opportunity to safely protect the financial assets, take benefit of no or lower taxes, gain secrecy of funds and so on. Offshore banking has become popular as being black coated with money laundering, underground economy, organized crime and tax evasion. But the greater picture is quite different. In actuality it does not prevent individual’s funds from being subject to personal income tax and interest. Hence this conceptual paper on Offshore Banking discusses the inception, evolution, top ten tax havens of the world and Offshore banking’s legal status in the world and in India. This precariousness of offshore banking has prevented many to explore this section which is vivid from the scanty research articles available on this suspicious subject. Thus, this paper endeavors to dive deeper within the less traversed world of Banks which are Offshore.

2. Gen Z Rewrites Fashion: A Study of Gen Z Consumer Preferences and Drivers in the Fashion Industry in India

Authors:-Badal Dewani, Yuvika Nagaych

Abstract- In the fashion industry, India is undertaking a significant transformation in preference and Genz consumer behaviour, with the Indian apparel market projected to reach US$ 105.50 billion by 2024, analysis of the preferences of Gen Z becomes paramount. This research probes the social media platforms of influencers and Gen Z’s fashion choices within the Indian appareling market. The findings highlight the impact of social media on Genz buying behaviour, Instagram is a prime channel for investigating new fashion trends and choices. Over half of the respondents report being influenced by micro-influencers in their fashion-related buying behaviour. Through an online questionnaire survey, this study reveals the preferences and behaviour of Genz consumers. The key factors are comfort, price, and sustainability that influence their fashion-related buying decision. The study focuses on the significance of social media platforms as well as local influencers. In the future maybe the research approach could focus on developing target market strategies to completely engage Genz consumers in the digital shopping era.369. In summary, the study focuses on the vital role played by social media and micro influencers in framing Gen Z’s behaviour, As the brands understand that to stay and maintain stability in the digital market, they need to be awake and connect with their influencers demographic, they can be sustained relevance and success.

3. Fostering Ethical Entrepreneurship and Customer Trust: The Ladipo International Auto Market Perspective

Authors:- Godson Christian Osita, Eze Benneth Uchenna

Abstract- This conceptual study delves into ethical practices and customer trust in Ladipo International Market, with a specific focus on the automotive spare parts business. The research provides insights into the current landscape of ethical practices, challenges, and potential benefits within the market, as well as strategies for building and maintaining customer trust and the impact of customer trust on business performance. The conceptual nature of this paper stems from its emphasis on synthesizing existing knowledge and proposing theoretical frameworks rather than empirical data collection. Key findings highlight the diverse ethical practices in the market, including a commitment to fair transactions, adherence to regulations, and a focus on customer satisfaction. However, challenges such as counterfeit products and inadequate regulatory oversight, among others, hinder the widespread adoption of ethical standards. Factors influencing customer trust include, but not limited to, product quality, transparency, and market reputation. Strategies for building trust encompass transparent pricing, quality assurance, customer education, and ethical conduct. The implications for businesses and customers underscore the importance of ethical practices in enhancing brand image, customer loyalty, and long-term profitability. Future research and advocacy efforts should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of specific advocacy strategies, exploring the impact of technology on customer trust, and prioritizing collaboration among stakeholders to promote ethical conduct and market integrity.

4. Understanding the Relationship between Inflation, Expenditure, and Revenue: Economic Stability and Fiscal Policy

Authors:- Mahesh Joshi

Abstract- This study explores the dynamic interactions between inflation, government expenditure, and revenue in Nepal using advanced econometric techniques. By understanding these relationships, the re-search provides insights into the drivers of economic activity and the implications for policy formula-tion. Utilizing data from June 2017 to April 2024, the analysis employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, Phillips-Perron unit root tests, and Granger causality tests to examine both long-term and short-term relationships. The findings reveal significant long-run relationships between infla-tion, expenditure, and revenue, with inflation showing a negative impact on expenditure. Additionally, bidirectional causality between expenditure and revenue is identified, indicating a feedback loop where changes in one variable influence the other. These results underscore the necessity for coordinated fiscal policies to maintain economic stability and foster growth. The study offers valuable guidance for policymakers in managing inflation and optimizing expenditure and revenue strategies to achieve sustainable economic development.

5. Financial Innovations, Startups & Financial Inclusion

Authors:- Aadil Zamir

Abstract- Fintech innovations have completely reshaped the financial landscape, fundamentally altering how people access financial services, conduct transactions, and manage their money. The traditional financial industry has been significantly disrupted by fintech, forcing financial institutions to rethink their strategies and services to remain competitive. Fintech startups, with their agile and customer- centric solutions, have emerged as formidable challengers to traditional players. Furthermore, fintech has revolutionized payment systems, introducing digital payment methods and facilitating cross-border transactions, thereby reducing reliance on cash-based systems. This shift towards digital payments has made financial transactions more convenient, efficient, and accessible to a broader population. One of the most significant impacts of fintech is its role in driving financial inclusion. Through mobile-based platforms and innovative solutions, fintech has extended formal financial services to previously underserved populations, empowering individuals and small businesses to participate more actively in the formal economy. Despite its transformative impact, fintech also brings regulatory complexities and cybersecurity risks that policymakers and stakeholders must address. Ensuring sustainable and inclusive financial ecosystems requires proactive measures to mitigate risks and ensure consumer protection. This article delves into the transformative impact of fintech on traditional financial institutions, payment systems, and financial inclusion. By analyzing various literature and case studies, the research aims to explore how fintech has disrupted traditional practices, improved efficiency, and fostered greater financial inclusion on a global scale.

A Comprehensive Study on Green Human Resource Management Practices in the IT and Banking Sectors of Prayagraj

Authors:- Rohit Kumar Gupta, Assistant Professor Rajesh Kesari

Abstract- This research paper presents an in-depth examination of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) practices within the IT and banking sectors of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh. The study employs a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys of 100 employees across both sectors with qualitative interviews of 10 HR managers to evaluate current GHRM implementation, sector-specific adoption patterns, and organizational challenges. Findings indicate that IT companies demonstrate significantly higher GHRM adoption rates (78% with formal green policies) compared to banking institutions (42%), particularly in areas of e-waste management and digital transformation. The banking sector faces structural and cultural barriers including bureaucratic processes and employee resistance. The study contributes to the limited literature on GHRM in tier-2 Indian cities and provides actionable recommendations for enhancing sustainable HR practices through policy interventions, employee engagement strategies, and sector-specific implementation frameworks.

Authors:-Robel Daniel Bekele

Abstract-The central objective of this inquiry was to explore the factors influencing the growth of Micro and Small Enterprises MSEs in Kurmuk Woreda To achieve this the researcher employed a stratified random sampling technique classifying the entire target population based on their respective business sectors The sample size determined using the Yamane formula amounted to 134 out of a total population of 200 The study adopted an explanatory research design incorporating both qualitative and quantitative methods of analysis Primary data was collected from MSE owners and managers through a combination of questionnaires and semi structured interviews Qualitative assessments of both the interview responses and survey data were conducted using SPSS version 27 The researcher also applied statistical tools The findings revealed a significant correlation between the growth of MSEs and various factors including government support services market linkage and entrepreneurship management as indicated by the gathered data. Infrastructure, management, financing, entrepreneurship, and government laws, regulations, and assistance were identified as major factors influencing the growth of MSEs from the regression analysis. According to the report, there should be improvements made to infrastructural facilities, financial access, owner management abilities, governmental regulations, and support services to promote the expansion of MSEs

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.1.issue1.104

Authors:-Joel Mark P. Rodriguez, Matthew B. Orejola, Lourdes Q. Palallos

Abstract- This study examines the relationship between job attitude and promotions in selected electronics companies in Metro Manila, Philippines. Focusing on whether specific attitudes contribute to career advancement, the research utilized a questionnaire to assess job involvement, efficiency, and organizational commitment among 305 employees from companies like Advantix Marketing, EMF Corporation, Gakken Philippines, Kolin Inc., and ASERCO. Analysis using Pearson correlation revealed significant relationships: job involvement showed a negative but significant correlation with promotion, while job efficiency and organizational commitment positively correlated with it. These findings suggest that while job involvement may not directly lead to promotions, efficiency and commitment are key attitudes for career advancement.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.1.issue1.103

Authors:-Kajal Tripathi

Abstract- India is leading the way in the growing global OTT industry, thanks to the addition of new players. Smaller OTT platforms are getting support from international investors, making a significant impact. To reach more young people, it’s important to advertise and promote OTT content on social networks, as these platforms strongly influence the viewing choices of the youth. This paper has present a survey on OTT platforms users and their influence towards the products shown as an advertisement. A secondary data was collect by various online medium to collect responses from OTT users. Data was analysed by finding the patterns using markov model. It was found that OTT platfroms are good marketing place for the advertisement, as most of young audience spend their spare time on it. Further it was found that brand building by placing ads on OTT platform. First, second and third order markov patterns were find from the analysis for learning of advertisement effects.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.1.issue1.102

Authors:-Asst. Prof. M.M.Shanmugapriya

Abstract- Globalization is the trend towards increased commercial production, circulation, transportation, technology, tourism, and other corporate operations on a worldwide scale. Not only did this improve human dexterity, but it also raised living standards for people everywhere. However, it also heightens the ecological threat, which puts humans under stress in their surroundings. Thus, as the field of sustainability grows, so does the amount of study on how to achieve sustainability across all industries. Making an organization greener is a difficult endeavour that calls for a lot of work and the active involvement of both management and staff. Since 1950, as the number of emerging countries has increased, the global hotel business has experienced significant growth. According to earlier research, the number of international visitors is expected to climb by 4 to 5 percent a year over the next ten years, which will raise demand for hotel rooms. Due to increased environmental effect on a worldwide scale, eco hotels are becoming more and more important in the hotel industry. The impact of sustainable operations and their implementation in the Indian hotel industry will be examined in this study. The study’s main focus is on diverse ecological practices, or ECOHOTELS. The report offers some social consequences of sustainable practices for environmental preservation for eco-friendly hotels and eco-friendly tourists.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.61463/ijnrefm.vol.1.issue1.101