Authors: Vedant Tripathi
Abstract: The rapid integration of Cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) has expanded the operational capabilities of healthcare and enterprise sectors, yet it has simultaneously introduced an intricate landscape of multi-dimensional risks. Traditional perimeter-based security models are increasingly insufficient for the borderless edge-to-cloud continuum, where system failures can result in significant financial loss or, in medical contexts, the direct compromise of patient safety. This review article proposes a transformative risk-centric approach to system design, prioritizing threat identification and mitigation as foundational elements of the development lifecycle rather than elective additions. We provide a comprehensive taxonomy of technical, operational, and socio-technical risks, with a specific focus on the unique vulnerabilities of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT). The study evaluates the implementation of Zero Trust Architectures (ZTA) and hardware-based Roots of Trust (RoT) within a multi-layered secure framework, encompassing the perception, connectivity, and cloud processing layers. Furthermore, the article analyzes the role of AI-driven risk assessment methodologies and dynamic risk scoring in maintaining system resilience against zero-day vulnerabilities. Through detailed case studies in remote patient monitoring and smart supply chain management, we examine the strategic challenges of legacy integration, interoperability, and regulatory compliance with standards such as HIPAA and GDPR. Finally, we explore future directions in post-quantum cryptography and federated learning. By synthesizing these findings, the research provides a strategic roadmap for engineers and decision-makers to build resilient, hyper-connected ecosystems that balance technological innovation with rigorous safety and data integrity standards.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18230978
